XP Chapter 8 Agenda Video Last Class: Chapter 7: Health, Access, and the Environment Chapter 8:...

Chapter 8

Agenda

• Video• Last Class: Chapter 7: Health, Access, and the

Environment• Chapter 8: Emerging Technologies• Agenda for Next Class

1Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition

Presentation by: Joseph H. Schuessler, B.B.A., M.B.A., M.S., Ph.D. (ABD)

Chapter 8

Last Class

• Chapter 7: Health, Ethics, and the Environment▪ Repetitive stress injury can occur from performing

the same routine over and over again. Periodic breaks can help reduce the effects of RSI

▪ Green computing is a growing trend and refers to the responsible development and use of computers and computing equipment

▪ The “digital divide” refers to the gap between those with and familiar with technology and those without

Chapter 8 3

Emerging TechnologiesNASA Robot Crews

Chapter 8

Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second EditionPresentation by: Joseph H. Schuessler, B.B.A., M.B.A., M.S., Ph.D. (ABD)

Chapter 8 4

Objectives

1. Describe what the PC of the future might look like, including some examples of emerging types of hardware.

2. Understand the effect that emerging computer technologies, such as nanotechnology, quantum computers, and optical computers, may have on the PC of the future.

3. Name some emerging Internet and networking technologies.

4. Explain what is meant by the term “artificial intelligence” (AI) and list some AI applications.

Chapter 8 5

Objectives (cont’d)

5. Discuss the concept of, and some applications for, virtual reality (VR).

6. List some new and upcoming technological advances in medicine.

7. Name some new and upcoming technological advances in the military.

8. Discuss potential societal implications of emerging technologies.

Chapter 8 6

The PC of the Future

• PCs of the future will likely continue to shrink and be faster, more powerful, and more user-friendly.

• They may not look like today’s PCs and instead be built into walls, desks, appliances, clothing, and more.

• Computers will likely continue to converge with other devices, such as telephones and entertainment devices.

Chapter 8 7

Emerging Hardware

• The overall size and appearance of PCs are continuing to change. PCs are:▪ Smaller

Figure 8-1

Chapter 8 8

Emerging Hardware

• The overall size and appearance of PCs are continuing to change. PCs are:▪ Made out of more flexible material

Figure 8-1

Chapter 8 9

Emerging Input Devices

• Examples:▪ Virtual keyboard.

Figure 8-2

Chapter 8 10

• Examples:▪ Gesture touch pad.

Figure 8-2

Chapter 8 11

• Examples:▪ Vein recognition system.

Figure 8-2

Chapter 8 12

Emerging Processing Technologies

• Computer and CPU manufacturers are continually working on ways to make computers:▪ Run faster.

• Pipelining• Hyperthreading• Dual-core processors

▪ Run quieter.▪ Consume less power.

Chapter 8 13

Emerging Output Devices

• Examples:▪ 3-D flat-panel display.

Figure 8-3

Chapter 8 14

• Examples:▪ 3-D dome display.

Figure 8-3

Chapter 8 15

• Examples:▪ Wearable personal display.

Figure 8-3

Chapter 8 16

Emerging Storage Devices

• Two new trends in storage devices today:▪ Making portable personal storage more secure

and convenient.

Figure 8-4

Chapter 8 17

Emerging Storage Devices

• Two new trends in storage devices today:▪ Making portable personal storage more secure

and convenient.▪ Packing an increasing amount of data onto optical

discs.

Figure 8-4

Chapter 8 18

Figure 8-6

Greener Hardware

• It is expected that the PC of the future will include greener hardware than today. Possibilities include:▪ Smaller and more energy-efficient PCs.▪ Alternate powered devices.

Chapter 8 19

Nanotechnology

• Nanotechnology involves creating computer components, machines, and other structures that are less than 100 nanometers (nm) in size.

• Current CPUs typically contain transistors that are 50 nm in size.

• Moore’s Law is still applicable today—the number of transistors on a chip now doubles about every 18 months.

Chapter 8 20

Nanotechnology

• Components may eventually be built at the atomic and molecular levels.

• Possible applications for the future include:▪ Improved military uniforms.▪ Microscopic robots that can enter the bloodstream

to perform tests or irradiate tumors.▪ Neutralizing toxic trash.▪ Organic computers.

Chapter 8 21

Quantum and Optical Computers

• Quantum computing applies the principles of quantum physics and quantum mechanics to computers.

• Quantum computers utilize atoms or nuclei working together as quantum bits or qubits.

• Theoretically, quantum computers will be able to perform calculations exponentially faster than conventional computers in specific applications.

Figure 8-7

Chapter 8 22

Quantum and Optical Computers

• Optical chips use light waves to transmit data.

• Optical computers – uses light, such as from laser beams or infrared beams, to perform computations.

• Optical computers can be smaller and faster than electronic PCs.

• Opto-electronic computers contain both optical and electronic components.

Chapter 8 23

Improvements to the Internet Infrastructure

• The wired portions of the Internet may see improvements in the near future that increase speed and functionality.

• The goal of the Internet2 project is to work continually to improve connection speed.

• Some believe it will be necessary to create and use an overlay network in conjunction with the Internet.

Chapter 8 24

Wireless Networking Improvements

• Improvements to Wi-Fi, such as WiMax, are currently under development. ▪ 75 Mbps broadband Internet access.▪ Up to 31-mile range.

• For short-range connections, UltraWideband (UWB) is an emerging option.▪ Up to 1 Gbps▪ 30 to 60 foot range.

Chapter 8 25

Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)

• Uses the existing power-pole infrastructure and a building’s regular power lines to provide access to the Internet.

• BPL download speeds are comparable to cable and DSL.

• Available only in very limited areas.

Figure 8-9

Chapter 8 26

What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• Artificial intelligence (AI) – The science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

• AI researchers are working to create machines that think and act like people.

• The Turing Test – a test of artificial intelligence developed in the 1950s.▪ Loebner Prize

Figure 8-10

Chapter 8 27

What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• Some initial advances in AI were made in the area of game playing – namely, chess.▪ In 1997, the computer Deep Blue beat Garry

Kasparov in a chess match.▪ In 2003, Kasparov played a 3-D chess match

against X3D Fritz that ended in a draw.

Figure 8-11

Chapter 8 28

AI Applications

• Intelligent agents – programs that perform specific tasks to help make a user’s work environment more efficient or entertaining.

• Types of intelligent agents include:

• Application assistants.

• Search agents.

• Shopping bots.

• Entertainment bots.

• Chatterbots.Figure 8-12

Chapter 8 29

AI Applications

• Expert systems – software programs that perform tasks that would otherwise be performed by a human expert.

• Usually consist of two main components:▪ Knowledge base – contains facts and rules

provided by a human expert.▪ Inference engine – applies the rules to the data

stored in the knowledge base to reach decisions.

Chapter 8 30

AI Applications

• Neural networks – AI systems that attempt to imitate the way a human brain works.

• Consist of networks of processors that are connected together in a manner similar to the way neurons in the human brain are connected.

• Neural networks are designed to learn by observation and by trial and error, and are typically used to recognize patterns in data. Figure 8-13

Chapter 8 31

AI Applications

• Robotics – the field devoted to the study of robots.

• Robots – devices, controlled by a human operator or a computer, that can move and react to sensory input.

• Used for high-precision, but monotonous, jobs; situations that are dangerous or impossible for humans; and to assist people for personal or business tasks.

Chapter 8 32

AI Applications

• Examples of robots:▪ ASIMO

Figure 8-14

Chapter 8 33

AI Applications

• Examples of robots:▪ ASIMO▪ AIBO

Figure 8-14

Chapter 8 34

AI Applications

Figure 8-14

▪ Roomba

Chapter 8 35

AI Applications

Figure 8-14

▪ Roomba▪ PatrolBot

Chapter 8 36

What Is Virtual Reality?

• Virtual Reality (VR) – the use of a computer to create environments that look the way they do in the real world.

• Can be used to:▪ Take “tours” of buildings, museums, vacation

destinations, and homes for sale.▪ View products from all angles before purchasing.▪ Receive training in and practice a new sport, skill,

or technique.

Chapter 8 37

VR Applications

Figure 8-15

• Examples of VR applications:▪ Entertainment

Chapter 8 38

VR Applications

Figure 8-15

• Examples of VR applications:▪ Entertainment▪ Training

Chapter 8 39

VR Applications

Figure 8-15

• Examples of VR applications:▪ Entertainment▪ Training ▪ E-commerce

Chapter 8 40

Technological Advances in Medicine

• New technological advances in the area of medicine include:▪ Bionics, electronic monitoring, and electronic

implants.▪ Robot-assisted surgery.▪ Telemedicine.

Chapter 8 41

Bionics, Electronic Monitoring, and Electronic Implants

• Bionics refers to the replacement or enhancement of body parts by mechanical versions.▪ Can mimic or even surpass the functions of the

original body part.

• Electronic monitoring devices can transfer vital signs, blood-sugar readings, or other medical data directly to your attending physician.▪ Can also be used to monitor elderly individuals

that live alone.

Chapter 8 42

Bionics, Electronic Monitoring, and Electronic Implants

• Electronic implants are placed inside the individual.▪ Implanted cardiac devices.▪ Brain-to-computer interfacing (BCI).▪ VeriChip – a chip that is implanted

under a person’s skin to be used for identification purposes; an ID number can be used to retrieve data about the individual, such as at a hospital.

Figure 8-16

Chapter 8 43

Robot-Assisted Surgery

• Robot-assisted surgery – when a robot controlled by a physician operates on a patient.

• Robotic surgical devices can be more precise and use smaller incisions than human surgeons.

• Smaller incisions allow for less invasive surgery and a faster recovery time.

• Telesurgery – when not all surgeons are in the operating room.

Chapter 8 44

Telemedicine

• Telemedicine – the use of communications technology to provide medical information and services.

• Telemedicine applications include:▪ Telesurgery.▪ Remote diagnosis.▪ Remove previsit or follow-up care.▪ Remote professional consultations.

Chapter 8 45

Examples of Telemedicine Applications

Figure 8-17

Chapter 8 46

Technological Advances in the Military

• The U.S. military works on a continual basis with technological and research organizations to improve military equipment, as well as to outfit soldiers with more protective gear.

• The military is also involved in researching many of the other emerging technologies already discussed, such as nanotechnology and artificial intelligence.

Chapter 8 47

Improvements in Military Equipment

• Recent improvements include:▪ Smart bombs.▪ Smart guns.▪ Some components of the Land

Warrior system, such as helmet mounted displays and handheld computers that can display the locations of friendlies and enemies in a designated area. Figure 8-18

Chapter 8 48

Improvements in Military Equipment

• Improvements for the future include:▪ More components of the Land

Warrior system, such as e-fabric and body sensors.

▪ Future Combat System (FCS)▪ Exoskeleton suit – a wearable

robotic system designed to give soldiers additional physical capabilities and protection.

Figure 8-18

Chapter 8 49

Improved Surveillance Tools

• Current and future tools include:▪ Unmanned aircraft, such as Predator and Global

Hawk.▪ Battlefield robots – robots

used to assess the safety of trails, buildings, caves, and other structures before soldiers enter them.

▪ Smart dust.▪ Optical camouflaging.

Figure 8-19

Chapter 8 50

• There are usually many benefits to a new computing technology, but not all advances are embraced by all individuals.

• Security and privacy issues are continual areas of concern with emerging technologies.

• Possible dangers include trusting intelligent computers and robots too much, losing ourselves to virtual reality, and allowing medical technology to enable people to be controlled by others.

Societal Implications of Emerging Technologies

Chapter 8 51

Summary

• The PC of the Future

• Emerging Internet and Networking Technologies

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Virtual Reality (VR)

• Technological Advances in Medicine

Chapter 8 52

Summary (cont’d)

• Technological Advances in the Military

• Societal Implications of Emerging Technology

Chapter 8

Next Class

• Final Exam• 90 Multiple Guess Questions• Room: BUSI 356 10-12

Chapter 8

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