Writing & Grammar

Chapter 1The Writing

Processpp. 1-27

Planning• Choosing your topic• Listing• Questioning• Brainstorming

Planning• Choosing your topic• Freewriting• Interviewing

Planning• Narrowing your topic• Considering your

audience• Determining your

purpose

Planning• Gathering information

Practice the Skill1.1

1. What is the purpose of this paragraph?

to give a brief history of the yo-yo

Practice the Skill1.1

2. Who is the intended audience for this paragraph?

anyone not familiar with the yo-yo’s history

Practice the Skill1.1

3. What kind of person probably wrote this paragraph?

a yo-yo enthusiast

Planning• Outlining the paper• Tentative outline• Outline forms• Topic outline• Sentence outline

Practice the Skill1.2

National HolidaysI. Christian Holidays A. Easter B. Christmas

Drafting• Choosing a mode• Mode is the term

given to the form or method of writing.

Drafting• Four basic modes:• Descriptive• Expository• Narrative• Persuasive

Drafting• Other modes:• Academic• Personal

Drafting• Crafting a thesis

statement, topic sentences, and a concluding sentence

Drafting• The thesis statement

expresses the main idea of your entire piece in a single sentence.

Thesis Statements

• Due to the political climate of the early 1900s, many of Booker T. Washington’s policies were based primarily on pragmatism.

• For beauty and for grandeur, few sights are more impressive than the Grand Canyon.

• In The Scarlet Letter, the character Pearl represents man’s conscience.

Thesis Statements

• Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederacy.

• Far from wholesome, today’s children’s videos often glorify bad behavior, showing children who are disobedient, disrespectful, and irresponsible.

A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper

• Gather ideas• Topic: Euthanasia• Think about all sides of the topic.

The Other Side Your Side

A person has a right to choose to end his/her life

All life is precious

Frees a person from pain Painkillers, other options

Too old- cluttering up the world

Man is created in God’s image

A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper

• Research question: Should euthanasia be practiced? (Note the yes or no answer.)

• Your assertion (your position on the debatable topic): – Euthanasia should not be practiced.– Physicians should not practice euthanasia.

A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper

• Your concession (although clause which introduces your thesis, concedes in some legitimate way to a valid point from the other side of the argument): – Although certain people believe euthanasia ends

suffering– Although euthanasia ends suffering

A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper

• Put it together (concession clause, assertion):– Although euthanasia ends suffering, physicians

should not practice euthanasia.

Restatement of Thesis for a Persuasive Paper

• Even though + concession (stated differently), + assertion (stated differently)– Restatement of Thesis (first sentence of the

conclusion): Even though mercy-killing terminates pain, doctors should not terminate life under the guise of euthanasia.

– Thesis (last sentence of the introduction): Although euthanasia ends suffering, physicians should not practice euthanasia.

Drafting• A topic sentence is

similar to a thesis statement in that it expresses the main idea of a paragraph in a single sentence.

Use the Skill1.3

Topic sentence:History records the

inventiveness of man in his attempts to improve vision

before the advent of modern eyeglasses.

Use the Skill1.4

Concluding sentence:These surreal-looking

lights foretelling the dawn result from logical, scientific causes.

Drafting• Using the components

of composition

Drafting• A paragraph is a group

of several sentences closely related to one another and to a main idea.

Drafting• Using the components

of composition• Paragraph

development• Supporting

sentences

Practice the Skill1.5

Type of paragraph development:

comparison/contrast

Review the Skill1.6

Type of paragraph development:

fact

Drafting• Paragraph organization• Chronological order• Spatial order• Order of importance

Drafting• Paragraph organization• Cause-and-effect

order• Comparison-and-

contrast order

Practice the Skill1.7

…to reveal shimmering water glinting in the afternoon sunlight. Straight ahead, a narrow clearing cut through the woods and revealed my….

spatial order

Review the Skill1.8

Acts 8:26-40 records the conversion experience of the Ethiopian treasurer. As his chariot wound along the dusty roads, he was reading Isaiah 53:7-8….

chronological order

Drafting• Writing longer

compositions• Introductory

paragraphs• Concluding

paragraphs

Introduction

• “I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. . . . In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art” (Kass 301). Hippocrates, known by many as the “Father of Medicine,” included the above statement in his famous Hippocratic Oath. Many doctors today swear this oath, but why would they need to? In many countries in the world today such as the Netherlands, doctors practice euthanasia or physician- assisted suicide. What constitutes euthanasia? What identifies physician-assisted suicide? What distinguishes the two of them? Michele M. Mathes —Ethics Education Coordinator for the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania— refers to assisted suicide as “making available to an individual the means [. . .] to take his or her own life”: the assistor not actually killing the person (261). Assisted suicide and physician- assisted suicide differentiate in that a physician provides the means in the latter. Mathes also states that the actual act of taking a person’s life for that patient’s own good defines euthanasia

• (261), also referred to as mercy-killing. Although euthanasia ends suffering, physicians should not practice euthanasia.

Conclusion

• Although mercy-killing terminates pain, doctors should not terminate life under the guise of euthanasia. If Congress passed a law legalizing euthanasia, many would die that still would have had a chance to live. Grandparents, children, or average people could all fall prey to “mercy-killing.” Euthanasia takes a step in the wrong direction, leading ever downward to a world with no morals, a world where killing is commonplace, and a world where nobody cares.

Drafting• An essay is a

composition usually of several paragraphs, all of which deal with the same idea.

Drafting• An essay usually

contains an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

Revising• Make sure that you

have accomplished what you set out to do in the planning stage.• Three main areas of

revision:

Revising• Revising for ideas• Clarity of purpose• Interest• Unity of ideas• Coherence

Use the Skill1.9

Susette La Flesche, or “Bright Eyes” (1854-1903), the daughter of an Omaha chief, found her Native American name a useful tool in campaigning for the rights of her people.

Use the Skill1.10

Australia’s Great Barrier Reef attracts many tourists, especially divers, who visit after seeing beautiful pictures of the reef. Viewing the reef for the first time, however,….

Revising• Revising for style• Emphasis• Precise words• Conciseness• Smoothness• Fresh words

Use the Skill1.11

Public speaking is a scary experience for most people. Moses too was terrified of speaking. He was to appear before the highest official in the land, Pharaoh, because God….

Revising• Revising for

correctness: proofreading• Sentence structure• Usage• Spelling, punctuation,

capitalization

Revising• Revising for

correctness: proofreading• Coherence

Revising• Revising for

correctness: proofreading• Read a piece several

times.• Read slowly.• Read aloud.

Revising• Revising for

correctness: proofreading• Read backwards.• Read specifically.

Publishing• Publishing is the act of

sharing your work with others.• Choosing a title

Use the Skill1.12

Creative paragraph:The Silver Shadow

Academic paragraph:Natural Imagery in

Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre

Publishing• Making a neat copy

Early Modern English Pronouns

p. 26

• Old English: A.D. 450 through 1100• Middle English: 1100

through 1500

Early Modern English Pronouns

• Modern English: 1500 through the present

Early Modern English Pronouns

SubjectiveObjective Possessive

Early Modern English Pronouns

Singular Pluralthoutheethy,

thine

yeyou

your, yours