Post on 30-Dec-2015
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Changes & Exchanges In Africa
Conflicts in grazing and farming lands led to new expansionist kingdoms such as the Zulus. Other nations formed as a protective measure.
Changes & Exchanges In Africa
New States emerged in West Africa too, through jihad, and led to the Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906)
Sokoto & other Muslim states continued slave trade.
Changes & Exchanges In Africa
Muhammad Ali (1805-1848) & grandson Ismail modernized Egypt.
Financial problems led to European occupation.
Changes & Exchanges In Africa
Ethiopian kings recovered lost territories. After a brief brush with British forces & occupation, modernization programs continued.
Changes & Exchanges In Africa
1830 - France invades Algeria on a pretext of avenging an earlier insult. Muslim resistance united behind Abd al-Qadir.
Europeans settled by 1871.
Changes & Exchanges In Africa
Slave revolts led to prohibition of slave trading by Britain & U.S., but Cuba & Brazil continued demand for slaves.
Africans expanded other trade. New export – palm oil
Changes & Exchanges In Africa
Missionaries founded schools for the British re-captives in Sierra Leone
Black Americans brought western culture to Liberia
Changes & Exchanges In Africa
End of Atlantic slave trade shifted market to East Africa.
Secondary empires rose. Egyptian expansion moved
southward using slaves as it grew.
India Under Company Rule
British East India Company (early 1800s) forced Mughal empire to recognize Company rule. Controlled Bombay presidency.
India Under Company Rule
Before 1850: relied on sepoy power,disarmed Indian warriors, free reign to missionariesestablished private land
ownership to ease taxes.
India Under Company Rule
British created jobs in some sectors but contributed to the poor’s misery in others.
Caused the collapse of the traditional textile industry.
India Under Company Rule
Sepoy Rebellion 1857 turning point in Indian history.
Queen Victoria proclaimed equal rights for all & freedom to practice religious & social customs.
India Under Company Rule
Indian Civil Services ruled. After 1857, gov’t. expanded
production & export of agricultural commodities.
Gov’t. also built irrigation & sewage systems.
India Under Company Rule
To regain control, Indians must reduce social & ethnic divisions
Rammouhan Roy & Brahmo Samaj movement tried to reconcile with western values to promote nationalism.
India Under Company Rule
Indian National Congress -1885.
Argued for greater inclusion of Indians in Civil Service.
Britain’s Eastern Empire
Britain expands in S. Africa, S.E. Asia & S. Caribbean.
Cape Colony – supply station on the way to India.
Great Trek – French & Dutch (Afrikaners) moving out
Britain’s Eastern Empire
Thomas Raffles – established port of Singapore 1824
Assam 1826; Burma 1852British interested in building
free trade network, not in acquiring new lands.
Britain’s Eastern Empire
Colonies became exporters of raw materials & agricultural goods and importers of manufactured products.
Technological advances in shipbuilding.
Britain’s Eastern Empire
Sighted by the Portuguese in early 17th century.
New Zealand surveyed by James Cook 1769 & 1778
Disease reduced population of Aborigines & Maori
Britain’s Eastern Empire
Britain sent convicts to Australia, & after a gold rush in 1851, regular settlers.
Settlers came slowly to New Zealand until after 1860.
Britain’s Eastern Empire
England turned power over to British settlers while Aborigines & Maori suffered discrimination.
Trade unions, availability of land & women can vote 1894.
Britain’s Eastern Empire
1834-1870 Labor needs met by free Africans, Chinese, Japanese and Indians.
Indentured servants – work for passage, housing, & salary for a pre-set number of years.
Conclusion
What is most significant about this period is the European’s growing dominance of world commerce. These growing commercial exchanges could be mutually beneficial.
Conclusion
Balance of power was shifting in the Europeans’ favor between 1750 and 1870. But local “issues” still survived.