Why Open Education?Three Arguments

David WileyLumen / BYU / Creative Commons

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< philosophical >

education

education =

education = sharing

sharing

what you know

sharing

feedback

sharing

encouragement

sharing

passion

sharing

yourself

education

searching for parking

faculty meetings

tenure and promotion

educative acts

ALL

sharing

if

sharing

education

“rivalrous”

“nonrival”

sharing

asynchronously?

externalize

externalized ideas

converted to rivalrous

externalized & nonrivalrous?

“internet”

externalized ideas

externalized ideas + internet =

nonrival

Handwriting Printing Press Internet

Make a copy of a textbook

$1000s per copy

$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy

Distribute a textbook

$1000s per copy

$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy

unprecedented capacity

sharing

education = sharing

unprecedented capacity

educate

except we can’t

©

CopyrightRegulates

Handwriting Printing Press Internet

Copying of a textbook

$1000s per copy

$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy

Distributing a textbook

$1000s per copy

$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy

TechEnables

LawForbids

in the air?

open

Open Educational Resources

open ≠ free

open = free + permissions

• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of

waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and

improveRevise

• Combine two or moreRemix

• Share with othersRedistribute

The 5Rs

Retain is fundamental

• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of

waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and

improveRevise

• Combine two or moreRemix

• Share with othersRedistribute

The 5Rs

Open

1. Free and unfettered access

2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright permissions

Open Permissions

Handwriting Printing Press Internet

Copying of a textbook

$1000s per copy

$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy

Distributing a textbook

$1000s per copy

$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy

TechEnables

OERPermits

traditionally © materials+ internet

openly licensed materials+ internet

< / philosophical >

< innovation >

Infrastructure

Infrastructure is “resources that create benefits for society primarily through the facilitation of downstream productive activities.”

-- Brett Frischmann

“downstream productive activities”

Permissionless Innovation

Adam Thierer

Equal Participation in Innovation

Eric Von Hippel

Infrastructure and Innovation

Relatively inexpensiveBroad permissions

thrives when the costs and obstacles to experimenting are low

“Intellectual infrastructure” is “nonrival input into a wide variety of outputs.”

-- Brett Frischmann

Educational Materials

Research Articles

Intellectual Infrastructure for Ed

Extremely expensiveVery narrow permissions

Educational Materials

Research Articles

Extremely Expensive

Only those with significant capital

can afford to experiment and innovate

Tuition Textbooks$0

$200$400$600$800

$1,000$1,200$1,400$1,600$1,800

Annual Costs

$1288

$1666

Textbook Pricing in Context

One Month Streaming Access to… Costs…Netflix – 10k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / monthHulu Plus – 45k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / month

CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $19.67 / month

Accelerating Journal Costs

Very Narrow Permissions

ALL Rights Reserved

Trouble with Costs and Permissions?

Open

1. Free and unfettered access

2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright permissions

The Content Oligarchies

Textbooks (74%)PearsonCengageMcGraw-Hill

Journals (73%)Reed-ElsevierWiley-BlackwellSpringerTaylor & FrancisSage

Open Education Infrastructure

Will enable everyone to innovate

Will enable everyone to benefit

< / innovation >

< evidence >

105

Textbook Costs and Student Success

Outcomes

Six-year graduation rate for open access institutions

33%

Avg. annual textbook cost per college

student

$1,200

Costs growing

3x inflation

Cost

students go without textbooks due to cost

6 in 10

take fewer courses due to textbook cost

35%

Access

of community college students achieve credential goals

<50%

106

Internet, Textbook Costs, Student Success

Outcomes

Six-year graduation rate for open access institutions

?%

Avg. annual textbook cost per college

student

< $50

Costsdropping

Cost

students go without textbooks due to cost

0 in 10

take fewer courses due to textbook cost

0%

Access

of community college students achieve credential goals

?%

The Impact of Open Textbooks on Secondary Science Learning Outcomes

Robinson, Fischer, Hilton, and Wiley

Published in Ed Researcher

Participants

• Nebo School District• 4183 students• 43 teachers• Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry

Method

Quasi-experimental design with:• Treatment and Control Group• Pre and Post Test• Dependent variable: Score on 2012

statewide standardized science exam• Independent variable: Textbook

condition• 15 Covariates: including age, gender,

special education, English language proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and race

Propensity Score Matching

Increased group balance by 98%

Outcome: State Standardized Test

• IRT scaled scores increased with open textbooks, p < .001

• Multiple r squared = .635 (variance in scores accounted for in our model)

A Multi-institutional Study of the Impact of Open Textbook Adoption on the Learning Outcomes of Post-secondary Students

Fischer, Hilton, Robinson, and Wiley

Accepted in JCHE

Participants

• 4909 treatment• 11,818 control• 50 different undergraduate courses • 130 teachers• 10 institutions

Method

Quasi-experimental design with:• Propensity Score Matching• Post Test Only• Dependent variables: Completion; C or

Better; Credits Enrolled This Term; Next Term

• Independent variable: Textbook condition

• 3 covariates: including age, gender, and race

Results

Credits Taken

Semester Treatment Control Result

Fall 13.29 11.14 t (8101) = 27.81 p < .01

Winter 10.71 9.16 F(1, 6440) = 154.08, p <.01)

The Tidewater Z-Degree and the INTRO Model for Sustaining OER Adoption

Wiley, DeMarte, Williams, and Hilton

Accepted in EPAA

Associates of Business

“Z Degree”Graduate without ever buying a

textbookWorld’s first “all-OER” degree~30% cheaper for students

When a student drops, it..

Slows down their graduation

Costs the institution tuition dollars

(refunds)

(182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state + (182 * .11 * $358.95 * 3) out-of-state = $101,042 annual INTRO

INTRO Model

Mad, Glad, Sad, Rad: A Framework for Evaluating the Academic Return on Investment in Textbooks and Other Educational Materials

Wiley, Hilton, Fischer, and Puente

Submitted

“Mad” “Glad”

“Sad” “Rad”

Cost

Completing with C or Better

Student Success per Dollar

0 100%

$200

“Mad” “Glad”

“Sad” “Rad”

Cost

Completing with C or Better

Commercial

Student Success per Dollar

0 100%

$200

“Mad” “Glad”

“Sad” “Rad”

Cost

Completing with C or Better

Commercial

OER

Student Success per Dollar

0 100%

$200

Completing with C or Better

Student Success per Dollar

0 100%

40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

50

100

150

200

250

Cost

$250

$0

openedgroup.org/review

11 Peer Reviewed Studies

http://openedgroup.org/

48,623 Students

http://openedgroup.org/

93% Same or Better Outcomes

http://openedgroup.org/

9 Peer Reviewed Studies of Perceptions of OER Quality

http://openedgroup.org/

4,510 Professors and Students

http://openedgroup.org/

50%Same35%

Better

15%Worse

http://openedgroup.org/

impact.lumenlearning.com

< / evidence >

Why open education?

Why open education?

Better philosophical alignmentIncreased academic freedom for facultyBetter academic outcomes for students

Positive institutional budget impacts

Why not open education?

Discussion!

davidwiley.org