Why Open Education? Three Arguments
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Transcript of Why Open Education? Three Arguments
Why Open Education?Three Arguments
David WileyLumen / BYU / Creative Commons
This presentation is licensed CC BY unless indicated otherwise in notes
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< philosophical >
education
education =
education = sharing
sharing
what you know
sharing
feedback
sharing
encouragement
sharing
passion
sharing
yourself
education
searching for parking
faculty meetings
tenure and promotion
educative acts
ALL
sharing
if
sharing
education
“rivalrous”
“nonrival”
sharing
asynchronously?
externalize
externalized ideas
converted to rivalrous
externalized & nonrivalrous?
“internet”
externalized ideas
externalized ideas + internet =
nonrival
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Make a copy of a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Distribute a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
unprecedented capacity
sharing
education = sharing
unprecedented capacity
educate
except we can’t
©
CopyrightRegulates
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying of a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Distributing a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
TechEnables
LawForbids
in the air?
open
Open Educational Resources
open ≠ free
open = free + permissions
• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of
waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and
improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs
Retain is fundamental
• Make and own copiesRetain• Use in a wide range of
waysReuse• Adapt, modify, and
improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs
Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright permissions
Open Permissions
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying of a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Distributing a textbook
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
TechEnables
OERPermits
traditionally © materials+ internet
openly licensed materials+ internet
< / philosophical >
< innovation >
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is “resources that create benefits for society primarily through the facilitation of downstream productive activities.”
-- Brett Frischmann
“downstream productive activities”
Permissionless Innovation
Adam Thierer
Equal Participation in Innovation
Eric Von Hippel
Infrastructure and Innovation
Relatively inexpensiveBroad permissions
thrives when the costs and obstacles to experimenting are low
“Intellectual infrastructure” is “nonrival input into a wide variety of outputs.”
-- Brett Frischmann
Educational Materials
Research Articles
Intellectual Infrastructure for Ed
Extremely expensiveVery narrow permissions
Educational Materials
Research Articles
Extremely Expensive
Only those with significant capital
can afford to experiment and innovate
Tuition Textbooks$0
$200$400$600$800
$1,000$1,200$1,400$1,600$1,800
Annual Costs
$1288
$1666
Textbook Pricing in Context
One Month Streaming Access to… Costs…Netflix – 10k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / monthHulu Plus – 45k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / month
CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $19.67 / month
Accelerating Journal Costs
Very Narrow Permissions
ALL Rights Reserved
Trouble with Costs and Permissions?
Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright permissions
The Content Oligarchies
Textbooks (74%)PearsonCengageMcGraw-Hill
Journals (73%)Reed-ElsevierWiley-BlackwellSpringerTaylor & FrancisSage
Open Education Infrastructure
Will enable everyone to innovate
Will enable everyone to benefit
< / innovation >
< evidence >
105
Textbook Costs and Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year graduation rate for open access institutions
33%
Avg. annual textbook cost per college
student
$1,200
Costs growing
3x inflation
Cost
students go without textbooks due to cost
6 in 10
take fewer courses due to textbook cost
35%
Access
of community college students achieve credential goals
<50%
106
Internet, Textbook Costs, Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year graduation rate for open access institutions
?%
Avg. annual textbook cost per college
student
< $50
Costsdropping
Cost
students go without textbooks due to cost
0 in 10
take fewer courses due to textbook cost
0%
Access
of community college students achieve credential goals
?%
The Impact of Open Textbooks on Secondary Science Learning Outcomes
Robinson, Fischer, Hilton, and Wiley
Published in Ed Researcher
Participants
• Nebo School District• 4183 students• 43 teachers• Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry
Method
Quasi-experimental design with:• Treatment and Control Group• Pre and Post Test• Dependent variable: Score on 2012
statewide standardized science exam• Independent variable: Textbook
condition• 15 Covariates: including age, gender,
special education, English language proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and race
Propensity Score Matching
Increased group balance by 98%
Outcome: State Standardized Test
• IRT scaled scores increased with open textbooks, p < .001
• Multiple r squared = .635 (variance in scores accounted for in our model)
A Multi-institutional Study of the Impact of Open Textbook Adoption on the Learning Outcomes of Post-secondary Students
Fischer, Hilton, Robinson, and Wiley
Accepted in JCHE
Participants
• 4909 treatment• 11,818 control• 50 different undergraduate courses • 130 teachers• 10 institutions
Method
Quasi-experimental design with:• Propensity Score Matching• Post Test Only• Dependent variables: Completion; C or
Better; Credits Enrolled This Term; Next Term
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• 3 covariates: including age, gender, and race
Results
Credits Taken
Semester Treatment Control Result
Fall 13.29 11.14 t (8101) = 27.81 p < .01
Winter 10.71 9.16 F(1, 6440) = 154.08, p <.01)
The Tidewater Z-Degree and the INTRO Model for Sustaining OER Adoption
Wiley, DeMarte, Williams, and Hilton
Accepted in EPAA
Associates of Business
“Z Degree”Graduate without ever buying a
textbookWorld’s first “all-OER” degree~30% cheaper for students
When a student drops, it..
Slows down their graduation
Costs the institution tuition dollars
(refunds)
(182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state + (182 * .11 * $358.95 * 3) out-of-state = $101,042 annual INTRO
INTRO Model
Mad, Glad, Sad, Rad: A Framework for Evaluating the Academic Return on Investment in Textbooks and Other Educational Materials
Wiley, Hilton, Fischer, and Puente
Submitted
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Commercial
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Commercial
OER
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
50
100
150
200
250
Cost
$250
$0
openedgroup.org/review
11 Peer Reviewed Studies
http://openedgroup.org/
48,623 Students
http://openedgroup.org/
93% Same or Better Outcomes
http://openedgroup.org/
9 Peer Reviewed Studies of Perceptions of OER Quality
http://openedgroup.org/
4,510 Professors and Students
http://openedgroup.org/
50%Same35%
Better
15%Worse
http://openedgroup.org/
impact.lumenlearning.com
< / evidence >
Why open education?
Why open education?
Better philosophical alignmentIncreased academic freedom for facultyBetter academic outcomes for students
Positive institutional budget impacts
Why not open education?
Discussion!
davidwiley.org