WHS AP Psychology

Unit 2: Memory (Cognition)

Essential Task 2-1:Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps: - Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory - Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) - Retrieval

Attention

All the rest

External Stimuli

Sensory Registers

gone

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Retrieval

1. Encoding

3. Retrieval

2. Storage

Information Processing Model

We are here

Essential Task 2-1:

• Define memory• Describe the Information Processing Model or

IPM for short– Encoding:

• external stimuli• sensory registers• selective attention• reticular formation• short-term memory

– Storage:• long-term memory,

– explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) – implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)

– Retrieval

Outline

Memory

• The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned

• Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model– Encoding – (The process of putting

information into digital format.) – Storage – Hard Drive– Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive

Outline

Information Processing Model

– Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.)

– Storage – Hard Drive– Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive

Outline

Attention

All the rest

External Stimuli

Sensory Registers

gone

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Retrieval

1. Encoding

3. Retrieval

2. Storage

Information Processing Model

Conduct Seven Dwarves Activity

Outline

• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.

Recognition is easier than recall

Outline

Encoding

• Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds)

• Some information is stored visually• Research has shown that memory for

visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded informationOutline

Attention

All the rest

External Stimuli

Sensory Registers

gone

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Retrieval

1. Encoding

3. Retrieval

2. Storage

Information Processing Model

Outline

Sensory registers

• Sensory registers are the first stop for all sensory information

• The sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time

Outline

Visual and Auditory Registers

• Visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image– Icons normally last about ¼ second in the

visual register• Auditory register holds echoes of sound

– Echoes can last up to several seconds in the auditory register

• Why do the auditory registers last longer?Outline

Now let us test your visual registers

• I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of a second.

• DON’T BLINK• After the image flashes we’ll return to

a white screen and you can tell me everything you saw.

Outline

Outline

Did you pay attention to everything?

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Here is another image

• DON’T BLINK

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Outline

How big is your attention?

Outline

Selective Attention

• Selects certain information for further processing

• We normally pay attention to only a

SMALL (PLEASE ENJOY THE IRONIC FONT SELECTION) portion

of incoming informationOutline

What controls Selective Attention?

• Broadbent's Filter Model

• Treisman's Attenuation Model

Outline

Reticular Formation

Outline

Short-term Memory

• Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment

• Sometimes referred to as working memory

Outline

Capacity of Short-Term Memory

• Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information

• Current research has demonstrated that STM can hold whatever is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds

• Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking

Outline

Let’s see how good your STM is!

Outline

Short Term Memory

• 9 7 5 4• 6 8 2 5 9• 9 1 3 8 2 5• 5 9 6 3 8 2 7• 8 6 9 5 1 3 7 2• 7 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 3• 9 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 2• 1 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9Outline

Chunking Helps

• 423-19• 267-198• 390-675-2• 573-291-43• 721-354-456• 245-619-832-2• 141-384-515-89• 201-315-426-762• This is why I assign the concept maps –

creates chunksOutline

Encoding in Short-Term Memory

• Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds)

• Some information is stored visually• Research has shown that memory for

visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded informationOutline

Maintaining STM

• Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal

• Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over

• This technique is not very effective in creating long term memories

Outline

Long-term Memory

• Everything that is learned is stored in long-term memory

• Capacity of long-term memory– Vast amounts of information may be

stored for many years– No known limits to capacity

Outline

Encoding in Long-term Memory

• Most information is encoded in terms of meaning

• Some information is stored verbatim• Some information is coded in terms of

nonverbal images– Research has shown that memory for

visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!!Outline

Types of Long Term Memory

• Explicit memory– Episodic Memory

– Semantic Memory

• Implicit memory – Procedural Memory

– Emotional Memory

@#$!&

@#$!&

Outline

Types of Long Term Memory

• Explicit memory– Memory for information we can readily express and are

aware of having– This information can be intentionally recalled– Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a

specific time and place

– Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time

• Implicit memory – Memory for information that we cannot readily express

and may not be aware of having– Cannot be intentionally retrievedOutline

Types of Long Term Memory

• Implicit memory – Memory for information that we cannot readily

express and may not be aware of having– Cannot be intentionally retrieved– Procedural memories: Motor skills and

habits– Emotional memories: Learned emotional

responses to various stimuli

Outline

Retrieval

– Bringing information from LTM back to STM

Outline