WHS AP Psychology Unit 2: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 2-1: Describe the information processing...
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Transcript of WHS AP Psychology Unit 2: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 2-1: Describe the information processing...
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 2: Memory (Cognition)
Essential Task 2-1:Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps: - Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory - Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) - Retrieval
Attention
All the rest
External Stimuli
Sensory Registers
gone
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Retrieval
1. Encoding
3. Retrieval
2. Storage
Information Processing Model
We are here
Essential Task 2-1:
• Define memory• Describe the Information Processing Model or
IPM for short– Encoding:
• external stimuli• sensory registers• selective attention• reticular formation• short-term memory
– Storage:• long-term memory,
– explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) – implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)
– Retrieval
Outline
Memory
• The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned
• Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model– Encoding – (The process of putting
information into digital format.) – Storage – Hard Drive– Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive
Outline
Information Processing Model
– Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.)
– Storage – Hard Drive– Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive
Outline
Attention
All the rest
External Stimuli
Sensory Registers
gone
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Retrieval
1. Encoding
3. Retrieval
2. Storage
Information Processing Model
Conduct Seven Dwarves Activity
Outline
• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.
Recognition is easier than recall
Outline
Encoding
• Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds)
• Some information is stored visually• Research has shown that memory for
visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded informationOutline
Attention
All the rest
External Stimuli
Sensory Registers
gone
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Retrieval
1. Encoding
3. Retrieval
2. Storage
Information Processing Model
Outline
Sensory registers
• Sensory registers are the first stop for all sensory information
• The sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time
Outline
Visual and Auditory Registers
• Visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image– Icons normally last about ¼ second in the
visual register• Auditory register holds echoes of sound
– Echoes can last up to several seconds in the auditory register
• Why do the auditory registers last longer?Outline
Now let us test your visual registers
• I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of a second.
• DON’T BLINK• After the image flashes we’ll return to
a white screen and you can tell me everything you saw.
Outline
Outline
Did you pay attention to everything?
Outline
Here is another image
• DON’T BLINK
Outline
Outline
How big is your attention?
Outline
Selective Attention
• Selects certain information for further processing
• We normally pay attention to only a
SMALL (PLEASE ENJOY THE IRONIC FONT SELECTION) portion
of incoming informationOutline
What controls Selective Attention?
• Broadbent's Filter Model
• Treisman's Attenuation Model
Outline
Reticular Formation
Outline
Short-term Memory
• Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment
• Sometimes referred to as working memory
Outline
Capacity of Short-Term Memory
• Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information
• Current research has demonstrated that STM can hold whatever is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds
• Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking
Outline
Let’s see how good your STM is!
Outline
Short Term Memory
• 9 7 5 4• 6 8 2 5 9• 9 1 3 8 2 5• 5 9 6 3 8 2 7• 8 6 9 5 1 3 7 2• 7 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 3• 9 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 2• 1 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9Outline
Chunking Helps
• 423-19• 267-198• 390-675-2• 573-291-43• 721-354-456• 245-619-832-2• 141-384-515-89• 201-315-426-762• This is why I assign the concept maps –
creates chunksOutline
Encoding in Short-Term Memory
• Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds)
• Some information is stored visually• Research has shown that memory for
visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded informationOutline
Maintaining STM
• Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal
• Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over
• This technique is not very effective in creating long term memories
Outline
Long-term Memory
• Everything that is learned is stored in long-term memory
• Capacity of long-term memory– Vast amounts of information may be
stored for many years– No known limits to capacity
Outline
Encoding in Long-term Memory
• Most information is encoded in terms of meaning
• Some information is stored verbatim• Some information is coded in terms of
nonverbal images– Research has shown that memory for
visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information
CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!!Outline
Types of Long Term Memory
• Explicit memory– Episodic Memory
– Semantic Memory
• Implicit memory – Procedural Memory
– Emotional Memory
@#$!&
@#$!&
Outline
Types of Long Term Memory
• Explicit memory– Memory for information we can readily express and are
aware of having– This information can be intentionally recalled– Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a
specific time and place
– Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time
• Implicit memory – Memory for information that we cannot readily express
and may not be aware of having– Cannot be intentionally retrievedOutline
Types of Long Term Memory
• Implicit memory – Memory for information that we cannot readily
express and may not be aware of having– Cannot be intentionally retrieved– Procedural memories: Motor skills and
habits– Emotional memories: Learned emotional
responses to various stimuli
Outline
Retrieval
– Bringing information from LTM back to STM
Outline