Post on 07-Apr-2015
1
Michael West’s General List
Comparison
With Yemeni Crescent Book words
Ministery of Higher Education
Sana’a Univeristy
Education College
M A Program
English Department
Supervised By:
Dr:Ismail M. Naji
Prepared By:
Yasser Mohammed Al-Refaee
2
Introduction
Although the language makes use of a large number of words, not all of these words
are equally useful. One measure of usefulness is word frequency, that is, how often
the word occurs in normal use of the language. From the point of view of frequency,
of % 7It occurs so frequently that about . is a very useful word in Englishthe word the
the words on a page of written English and the same proportion of the words in a
Look back over this paragraph and you . theconversation are repetitions of the word
. in almost every linetheind an occurrence of will f
The good news for second language learners and second language teachers and
pcurriculum designers is that a small number of the words of English occur very
frequently and if a learner knows these words, that learner will know a very large
proportion of the running words in a written or spoken text. Most of these words are
content words and knowing enough of them allows a good degree of comprehension
of a text. Thus, words selection has to be taken into consideration when selecting a
textbook or designing a syllabus.
However, with a continuing emphasis on communication in language teaching there
is a tendency to give less attention to the selection and checking of language forms
in course design. Now that the benefits of form focused instruction are being
positively reassessed, we may see a change in attitude towards vocabulary lists and
frequency studies. The benefits of giving attention to principles of selection and
gradation in teaching however remain important no matter what approach to
teaching is being used. A goal of this review of the findings of research on vocabulary
size and frequency is to show that this information can result in considerable
benefits for both teachers and learners.
In an attempt to see the extent to which our English books known as crescent are in
line with what is called content specifications in terms of words selection and the
orientation of series itself ,the matching between its methodology and design.
Crescent series are claimed to be communicative in nature. The purpose of this
paper, thus, is to figure out the whether these books are following a synthetic or
analytic approach for selection and gradation of its content .Synthetic approach
means deciding and specifying what linguistic items to include .Analytic approach
does not present carefully selected samples of language in an attempt to build up a
gradual picture of the grammar of the language .Instead ,it identifies phrases which
have high utility and presents these as whole phrases .After counting and
comparing the words of all crescent book series and West's lists, we found that the
crescent books series are not synthetic nor analytic .the number of words covered in
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crescent series books are approximately 49.91% which is neither below nor above
the norms of synthetic or analytic approaches.
What vocabulary does a language learner need?
Second language learners need first to concentrate on the high frequency words of
the language. Now ,we look at some useful vocabulary lists based on frequency and
review the research on the adequacy of the General Service List (West, 1953). Most
counts also consider range that is the occurrence of a word across several
subsections of a corpus (McIntosh, Halliday and Strevens, 1961).
The practice of counting words has a long history dating as far back as Hellenic times
(DeRocher, 1973). Several early word counts are mentioned in Fries and Traver
(1960). There are many lists of the most frequently occurring words in English among
which is The General Service List (West, 1953) The GSL contains 2000 headwords and
was developed in the 1940s. The frequency figures for most items are based on a
5,000,000 word written corpus. Percentage figures are given for different meanings
and parts of speech of the headword. In spite of its age, some errors, and its solely
written base, it still remains the best of the available lists because of its information
about the frequency of meanings, and West's careful application of criteria other
than frequency and range.
The classic list of high frequency words is Michael West's General Service List (1953).
The 2000 word GSL is of practical use to teachers and curriculum planners as it
contains words within the word family each with its own frequency. For example,
excited, excites, exciting and excitement come under the headword excite. The GSL
was written so that it could be used as a resource for compiling simplified reading
texts into stages or steps. West and his colleagues produced vast numbers of
simplified readers using this vocabulary. This is actually a very old list being based on
frequency studies done in the early decades of this century. Doubts have been cast
on its adequacy because of its age (Richards, 1974) and the relatively poor coverage
provided by the words not in the first 1000 words of the list (Engels, 1968).
Engels makes two major points. Even if a limited vocabulary covers 95% of a text, a
much larger vocabulary is still needed to cover the remaining 5% (p. 215). However
Engels overestimates the size of this vocabulary. He suggests 497,000 words. His
second point is that the limited vocabulary chosen by West (1953) is not the best
selection. Engels examined 10 texts of 1000 words each. He found that West's GSL
plus numbers covered 81.8% of the running words (This did not include proper
nouns which covered 4.13%). Engels' definition of what should be included in a word
family did not agree with West's and so Engels considered that West's GSL contained
3,372 words. This is because Engels considered flat and flatten, and police and
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policeman to be different word families. West gives separate figures for such items
but indicates through the format of the GSL that they are in the same family. This
difference however does not influence results. Engels considered the first 1000 of
the GSL to be a good choice because the words were of high frequency and wide
range (p. 221).
Engels correctly points out that the GSL does not provide 95% coverage of texts. He
also says that the words outside the first 1000 of the GSL are "fallacious ... [because]
they cannot be called general service words". Engels considers that the range and
frequency of these words are too low to be included in the list. He suggests that for
the lower frequency words in the GSL "the work should be done all over again" (p.
226), giving more attention to topic and genre divisions. Hwang and Nation (1995)
report on such a study. The results only partly support Engels' ideas. It is possible to
replace 452 of the words in the GSL with 250 words of higher frequency across a
range of genres, but the change in total text coverage is small - from 82.3% to 83.4%.
Even adjusting for the difference in size of the GSL, 2,147 words, and the new list,
1,945 words, still leaves the percentage difference in coverage at 1.68%. Thus
although the GSL is in need of replacement because of its age, errors it contains, and
its written focus, it is still the best available list, given the range of information it
contains about the relative frequency of the meanings of the words. In a variety of
studies (Hwang, 1989; Hirsh and Nation, 1992; Sutarsyah, Nation and Kennedy,
1994) the GSL has provided coverage of 78% to 92% of various kinds of written text,
averaging around 82% coverage.
Word frequency lists
Frequency information provides a rational basis for making sure that learners get
the best return for their vocabulary learning effort. Vocabulary frequency lists which
take account of range have an important role to play in curriculum design and in
setting learning goals.
This does not necessarily mean that learners must be provided with large vocabulary
lists as the major source of their vocabulary learning. It does mean however that
course designers should have lists to refer to when they consider the vocabulary
component of a language course, and teachers need to have reference lists to judge
whether a particular word deserves attention or not, and whether a text is suitable
for a class.
The availability of powerful computers and very large corpora now make the
development of such lists a much easier job than it was when Thorndike and Lorge
(1944) and their colleagues manually counted 18,000,000 running words. The
making of a frequency list however is not simply a mechanical task, and judgments
based on well established criteria need to be made. The following list suggests
several of the factors that would need to be considered in the development of a
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resource list of high frequency words.
1Representativeness The corpora that the list is based on should adequately
represent the wide range of uses of language. In the past, most word lists have been
based on written corpora. There needs to be a substantial spoken corpus involved in
the development of a general service list. The spoken and written corpora used
should also cover a range of representative text types. Biber's (1990) corpus studies
have shown how particular language features cluster in particular text types. The
corpora used should contain a wide range of useful types so that the biases of a
particular text type do not unduly influence the resulting list.
2Frequency and range Most frequency studies have given recognition to the
importance of range of occurrence. A word should not become part of a general
service list because it occurs frequently. It should occur frequently across a wide
range of texts. This does not mean that its frequency has to be roughly the same
across the different texts, but means that it should occur in some form or other in
most of the different texts or groupings of texts.
3Word families The development of a general service list needs to make use of a
sensible set of criteria regarding what forms and uses are counted as being members
of the same family. Should governor be counted as part of the word family
represented by govern? When making this decision, the purposes of the list and the
learners for which it is intended need to be considered. As well as basing the
decision on features such as regularity, productivity, and frequency (Bauer and
Nation, 1993), the likelihood of learners seeing these relationships needs to be
considered (Nagy and Anderson, 1984).
4Idioms and set expressions some items larger than a word behave like high
frequency words. That is, they occur frequently as a unit (Good morning, Never
mind), and their meaning is not clear from the meaning of the parts (at once, set
out). If the frequency of such items is high enough to get them into a general service
list in direct competition with single words, then perhaps they should be there.
Certainly the arguments for idioms are strong, whereas set expressions could be
included under one of their constituent words (but see Nagy, this volume).
5Range of information To be of full use in course design, a list of high frequency
words would need to include the following information for each word - the forms
and parts of speech included in a word family, frequency, the underlying meaning of
the word, variations of meaning and collocations and the relative frequency of these
meanings and uses, and restrictions on the use of the word with regard to
politeness, geographical distribution etc. Some dictionaries, notably the revised
edition of the COBUILD dictionary, include much of this information, but still do not
go far enough. This variety of information needs to be set out in a way that is readily
accessible to teachers and learners.
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6Other criteria West (1953: ix) found that frequency and range alone were not
sufficient criteria for deciding what goes into a word list designed for teaching
purposes. West made use of ease or difficulty of learning (it is easier to learn another
related meaning for a known word than to learn another word), necessity (words
that express ideas that cannot be expressed through other words), cover (it is not
efficient to be able to express the same idea in different ways. It is more efficient to
learn a word that covers a quite different idea), stylistic level and emotional words
(West saw second language learners as initially needing neutral vocabulary). One of
the many interesting findings of the COBUILD project was that different forms of a
word often behave in different ways, taking their own set of collocates and
expressing different shades of meaning (Sinclair, 1991). Careful consideration would
need to be given to these and other criteria in the final stages of making a general
service list.
With a continuing emphasis on communication in language teaching there is a
tendency to give less attention to the selection and checking of language forms in
course design. Now that the benefits of form focused instruction are being positively
reassessed, we may see a change in attitude towards vocabulary lists and frequency
studies. The benefits of giving attention to principles of selection and gradation in
teaching however remain important no matter what approach to teaching is being
used. A goal of this review of the findings of research on vocabulary size and
frequency is to show that this information can result in considerable benefits for
both teachers and learners.
7
Michael West’s General List
)2282(A list of
Ability Afternoon Another Asl Basic
Able Again Answer Asleep Basin
About Against Anxiety Association Basis
Above Age Anxious Astonish Bath
Abroad Agency Any At Bathe
Absence Agent Anybody Attentive Battle
Absent Agriculture Anyhow Attack Bay
Absolute Ago Anyone Attempt Because
Accept Agree Anything Attend Bcket
Accident Ahead Anyway Attention Be
Accord Aim Anywhere Attract Beak
Account Air Apart Attractive Beam
Accuse Airplane Apology Audience Bean
Accustom Alike Appear Aunt Bear
Ache Alive Appearance Autumn Beard
Across All Applaud Avenue Beast
Act Allow Applause Average Beat
Action Allowance apple Avoid Beauty
Active Almost Application Avoidance Become
Actor Alone Apply Awake Bed
Actress Along Appoint Away Bedroom
Actual Aloud Approve Awkward Before
Add Already Arch Axe Beg
Address Also Argue Baby Begin
Admire Although Arise Back Behave
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Admission Altogether Arm Backward Behaviour
Admit Always Army Bad Behind
Adopt Ambition Around Bag Being
Adoption Ambitious Arrange Baggage Belief
Advance Among Arrest Bake Belive
Advantage Amongst Arrive Balance Bell
Adventure Amount Arrow Ball Belong
Advertise Amuse Art Band Below
Advice Ancient Article Bank Belt
Advise And Artificial Bar Bend
Affair Anger Attraction Barber Berry
Afford Angle As Bare Beside
Afraid Angry Ashamed Bargain Besides
After Animal Ashamed Barrel Best
Better Boy Chain Cloth Compose
Between Brain Chair Clothe Composition
Beyond Branch Chairman Cloud Condition
Bicycle Brass Chalk Club Confess
Big By Chance Coal Confession
Bill Cage Change Coarse Court
Bind Cake Character Coast Cover
Bird Calculate Charge Coat Cow
Birth Calculation Charm Coffee Coward
Business Calculator Cheap Coin Cowardice
Bit Call Cheat Cold Crack
Bite Calm Check Collar Crash
Bitter Camera Chesses Collect Cream
Black Camp Chest Collection Creature
9
Blade Can Chicken Collector Crime
Blame Canal Chief College Criminal
Bleed Cap Child Colony Critic
Bless Cape Childhood Color Crop
Blind Capital Chimney Comb Cross
Block Captain Choice Combine Crowd
Blood Car Choose Come Crown
Blow Card Christmas Comfort Cruel
Blue Care Church Command Crush
Board Carriage Chwwe Commerce Cry
Boast Carry Circle Commercial Cultivate
Boat Cart Circular Committee Cultivation
Body Case Citizen Common Cultivator
Boil Castle City Companion Cup
Bold Cat Civilize Companionship Cupboard
Bone Catch Claim Company Cure
Book Cattle Class Compare Curious
Border Cause Classification Comparison Curl
Borrow Caution Classify Compete Current
Both Cautious Clay Competition Curse
Bottle Cave Clean Competitor Curtain
Bottom Cent Clear Complain Curve
Boundary Center Clerk Complaint Cushion
Boundary Century Clever Complete Custom
Bow Ceremony Climb Completion Customary
Bowl Certain Clock Complicate Customer
Box Certainty Close Complication Cut
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Daily Department Descend Drow Employ
Damage Depend Descendant Drum Employee
Damp Dependence Descent Dry Empty
Dance Dependent Describe Duck Enclose
Danger Depth Discussion Due Enclosure
Dare Desert Discussion Dull Encourage
Dark Deserve Disease During End
Darken Desire Disgust Dust Enemy
Date Desk Dish Duty Engine
Daughter Despair Dismiss Each Engineer
Day Destroy Disregard Eager English
Daylight Destruction Disrespect Ear Enjoy
Dead Destructive Dissatisfaction Early Enough
Deaf Detail Dissatisfy Earn Enter
Deafen Determine Distance Earnest Entertain
Deal Develop Distant Earth Entire
Dear Devil Distinguish Ease Entrance
Death diamond District East Envelope
Debt Dictionary Disturb Eastern Envy
Decay Die Ditch Easy Equal
Deceit Difference Dive Eat Escape
Deceive Difficult Divide Edge Especially
Decide Difficulty Division Educate Essence
Decision Dig Do Education Essential
Decisive Dine Doctor Educator Even
Declare Dinner Dog Effect Evening
Decrease Dip Dollar Effective Event
Deed Direct Donkey Efficiency Everlasting
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Deep Direction Door Efficient Every
Deepen Director Dot Effort Every
Deer Dirt Double Egg Everybody
Defeat Disagree Doubt Either Everyday
Defend Disappear Down Elastic Everyone
Defendant Disappearance Dozen Elder Everything
Defense Disappoint Drag Elect Everywhere
Degree Disapprove Draw Election Evil
Delay Discipline Drawer Electric Exact
Delicate Discomfort Dream Electrician Examine
Delight Discontent Dress Elephant Example
Deliver Discover Drink Else Excellence
Delivery Discovery Drive Elsewhere Excellent
Demand Description Drop Empire Except
Exception Family Fit Freeze Girl
Excess Fan Fix Frequency Give
Excessive Fancy Flag Frequent Glad
Exchange Far Flame Fresh Glass
Excite Farm Flash Friend Glory
Excuse Farm Flat Friendly Go
Exercise Fashion Flatten Fright Goat
Exist Fashioned Flavor Friendship God
Existence Fast Flesh From Gold
Expect Fasten Float From Golden
Expense Fat Flood Front Good
Expensive Fate Floor Fruit Govern
Experience Father Flour Fry Governor
Experiment Fatten Flow Full Grace
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Explain Fault Flower Fun Gradual
Explode Favor Fly Funeral Grain
Explore Favorite follow Funny Grammar
Explosion Fear Figure Fur Grammatical
Explosive Feast Fold Furnish Grand
Express Feather Fond Furniture Grass
Expression Feed Food Further Grateful
Extend Feel Fool Future Grave
Extension Fellow Foot Gaiety Gray
Extensive Fellowship For Gain Grease
Extent Female Forbid Gallon Great
Extra Fence Force Game Great
Extraordinary Fever Foreign Gap Greed
Extreme Few Forest Garage Green
Eye Field Forget Garden Grind
Face Fierce Forgive Gas Ground
Fact Fight Fork Gate Group
Factory Frighten Formal Gather Grow
Fade Fill Former Gay Growth
Fail Film Forth General Guard
Failure Find Fortunate Generous Guess
Faint Fine Fortune Gentle Guest
Fair Finger Forward Gentleman Guide
Faith Finish Frame Get Guilit
Fall Fire Framework Gift Gun
Fame First Free Gighway Habit
Familiar Fish Freedom Half Hair
Hall Hesitation Husband Insurance Kitchen
13
Hand Hide Hut Insure Knee
Handkerchief High I Intend Kneel
Handle Hill Ice Intention Knife
Handshake Hinder Idea Interfere Knock
Handwriting Hindrance Ideal Interference Knot
Hang Hire Idle International Know
Happen History If Interrupt Knowledge
Happy Hit Ill Interruption Lack
Harbor Hold Imaginary Into Ladder
Hard Hole Imaginative Introduce Lady
Harden Holiday Imagine Introduction Lake
Hardly Hollow Imitate Invention Lamp
Harm Holy Imitation Invention Land
Hammer Home Immediate Inventor Landlord
Haste Homecoming Immense Invite Language
Hasten Homemade Importance Inward Large
Hate Homework Important Iron Last
Hate Honest Impossible Island Lately
Hatred Honesty Improve It Later
Have Honor In Jaw Latter
Harvest Hook Inch Jealous Laugh
Hay Hope Include Jealousy Laugher
He Horizon Inclusive Jewel Law
Head Horizontal Increase Join Lawyer
Headache Horse Indeed Joint Lay
Headdress Hospital Indoor Joke Lazy
Heal Host Industry Journey Lead
Health Hot Influence Joy Leadership
14
Heap Hotel Influential Judge Leaf
Hear Hour Inform Juice Lean
Heart House Ink Jump Learn
Heat How Inn Just Least
Heaven However Inquire Justice Leather
Heavenly Human Inquiry Keep Leave
Heavy Humble Insect Key Left
Height Hunger Inside Kick Leg
Heighten Hunt Instant Kill Lend
Hello Hurrah Instead Kind Length
Help Hurry Interest King Lengthen
Here Hurt Instrument Kingdom Less
Hesitate Insult Kiss Lose
Lessen Lessen Meantime Modern Neat
Lesson Lot Meanwhile Modest Necessity
Let Loud Measure Modesty Neck
Letter Love Meat Moment Need
Level Lovely Mechanic Momentary Needle
Liar Low Mechanism Money Neglect
Liberty Loyalty Medical Monkey Neighbor
Librarian Loyalty Medicine Month Neighborhood
Library Luck Meet Moon Neither
Lie Lump Melt Moonlight Nephew
Life Lunch Member Moral Nest
Lift Lung Membership More Net
Light Machine Memory Moreover Network
Lighten Machinery Mend Morning Never
Like Mad Mention Most New
15
Likely Madden Merchant Mother News
Limb Mail Mercy Motherhood Newspaper
Limit Main Mere Motherly Next
Line Make Merry Motion Nice
Lip Male Message Motor Niece
Lipstick Man Messenger Mountain Night
Liquid Mange Metal Mouse No
Lis Mankind Middle Mouth Noble
List Manner Might Move Nobody
Listen Manufacture Mild Much Noise
Literary Many Mile Mud None
Literature Map Milk Multiplication Noon
Little March Mill Multiply North
Live Mark Mind Murder North
Load Market Mine Music Northern
Loaf Marriage Mineral Musician Nose
Loan Marry Minister Must Not
Local Mass Minute Mystery Note
Lock Master Miserable Nail Notebook
Lodge Mat Misery Name Nothing
Log Match Miss Narrow Notice
Lonely Mater Mistake Nation Now
Long Material Mix Native Nowadays
Look May Mixture Nature Nowhere
Loose Maybe Model Nbasket Nuisance
Lord Meal Moderate Ncessary Number
Loss Mean Moderation Near Numerous
Nurse Orange Passage Pigeon Pot
16
Nursery Order Passenger Pile Pound
Nut Ordinary Past Pin Pour
Oar Organ Paste pinch Poverty
Obedience Organize Pastry Pink Powder
Obedient Origin Path Pint Power
Obey Ornament Particle Pipe Practical
Object Other Patience Pity Practice
Objection Otherwise Patient Plain Praise
Observe Ought Patriotic Plan Pray
Occasion Ounce Pattern Plant Preach
Ocean Out Pause Plaster Precious
Of Outline Paw Plate Prefer
Off Outside Pay Play Preference
Offend Outward Peace Pleasant Prepare
offense Over Pearl Please Presence
Offer Overcome Peculiar Pleasure Present
Office Overflow Prejudice Plenty Preserve
Officer Owe Pen Plow President
Official Own Pencil Plural Press
Often Ownership Penny Pocket Pressure
Oil Pack People Poem Pretend
Old Package Perfect Poet Pretense
Old Pad Perfection Point Pretty
Omission Page Performance Poison Prevent
Omit Paint Performance Police Prevention
On Paint Perhaps Polish Price
Once Pair Permanent Polite Pride
17
One Palce Permission Political Priest
Only Pale Permit Politician Print
Onto Pan Person Politics Prison
Open Paper Person Pool Private
Operate Parcel Persuade Poor Prize
Operation Pardon Persuasion Popular Probable
Operator Parent Pet Population Problem
Opinion Park Photograph Possess Procession
Opportunity Part Photography Possession Product
Oppose Particular Pick Possessor Production
Opposite Partner Picture Possible Producw
Opposition Party Piece Post Profession
Or Pass Pig Postpone Profit
Program Rabbit Rellege Road Satisfactory
Program Race Remain Roar Satisfy
Progress Radio Remark Roast Sauce
Promise Rail Remedy Rob Saucer
Prompt Railroad Remember Robbery Scent
Pronounce Rain Remind Rock School
Pronunciation Raise Rent Rod Science
Proof Rake Repair Roll Scientific
Property Rank Repeat Roof Scientist
Proposal Rapid Repetition Room Scissors
Propose Rare Replace Root Scold
Propwe Rate Replay Rope Scorn
Protect Rather Responsible Rubber Scrape
Protection Raw Report Rubbish Scratch
Proud Ray Represent Rubbish Screen
18
Prove Razor Representative Rude Screw
Provide Reach Reproduce Rug Search
Public Read Reproduction Ruin Season
Pull Ready Republic Rule Season
Pump Real Reputation Run Seat
Punctual Realize Rest Rush Second
Punish Reason Restaurant Rust Second
Pupil Reasonable Result Sort Secrecy
Pure Receipt Retire Sacred Secret
Purple Receive Revenge Sacrifice Secretary
Purpose Recent Review Sad See
Push Recognition Reward Sadden Seed
Put Recognize Ribbon Saddle Seem
Puzzle Reflection Rice Safe Seize
Qualification Refresh Rich Safety Seldom
Qualify Refuse Rid Sail Self
Quality Regard Ride Sailor Selfish
Quantity Regret Right Sake Sell
Quarrel Regular Ring Salary Send
Quart Rejoice ripe Sale Sense
Quarter Relate Ripen Salesman Sensitive
Queen Relation Rise Salt Sentence
Question Relative Risk Same Recommend
Quick Relief Rival Sample Record
Quiet Relieve Rivalry Sand Red
Quite Religion River Satisfaction Redden
Reduce Resistance Royalty Speech Sting
Reduction Respect Rub Speed Stir
19
Refer Signal Soap Spell Stock
Reference Signature Social Spend Stocking
Reflect Silence Society Spill Stomach
Request Rotten Scale Service Sign
Rescue Rough Scarce Set Suger
Reserve Round Scatter Settle Suggest
Resign Row Scence Several Suggestion
Resist Royal Scenery Still Suit
Shaalow Silent Sock Spin Stone
Shade Silk Soft Spit Stop
Shadow Silver Soften Spite Store
Shake Simple Soil Splendid Storm
Shall Simplicity Soldier Split Story
Shame Since Solemn Spoil Stove
Shape Sincere Solid Sport Straight
Share Sing Solution Spot Straighten
Sharp Single Solve Spread Strange
Sharpen Sink Some Spring Strap
Shave Sir Somebody Spirit Straw
She Sister Somehow Square Stream
Sheep Sit Someone Sreep Street
Sheet Situation Sometime Staff Strengthen
Shelf Size Sometimes Stage Stretch
Shell Skill Somewhere Stain Strict
Shelter Skin Something Stair String
Shield Skirt Soncern Stamp Strip
Shiling Sky Soncern Stand Stripe
20
Shine Slave Song Standard Stroke
Ship Slavery Soon Star Strokw
Shirt Sleep sore Start Strong
Shock Slide Sorrow State Struggle
Shoe Sliff Sorry Station Student
Shoot Slight Sort Stay Shout
Shop Slip Soul Steady Show
Shore Slippery Sound Separate Shower
Short Slope Soup Separation Shut
Shorten Slow Save Serious Sick
Should Small Saw Servant Side
Shoulder Rot Say Serve Sight
Smeel Sousin Too Twist View
Smile South Tool Type Village
Smokw Sow Steam Ubstance Violence
Smoth Space Steel Ugly Violent
Snake Spade Steep Umbrella Virtue
Snow Spare Steer Study Visit
Speak Stem Stick Table
Summer Telephone Threaten Town Suck
Sun Tell Throat Toy Sudden
Sune temper Throw Track Unless
Supper Temperature Thumb Trade Unlite
Supplay Temple Thunder Train Until
Support Tempt Thus Translate Up
Suppose Tend Ticket Translation Upon
Sure Tender Tidw Translator Upper
21
Surface Tent Tidy Trap Uppermost
Surround Term Tie Travel Upright
Surprise Terrible Tight Tray Upset
Suspect Test Tighten Treasure Urge
Suspicion Teste Till Treasury Urgent
Suspicious Than Timw Treat Use
Swallow Thank Tin Tree Usual
Swear That Tip Tremble Vain
Sweat The Tire Trial Valley
Sweep Theater Title Tribe Valublw
Sweet Theatrical To Trick Value
Sweeten Then Tobacco Trip Various
Swell There Today Trouble Varriety
Swim Therefore Toe Trunk Veil
Swing These Together Trust Verb
Sword They Tomorrow Truth Verse
Sympathetic Thick Ton Try Very
Sympathy Thicken Tongue Tube Vessel
System Sour Tonight Turn Victory
Take Think Touch Tame West
Take Thirst Tough Tap Wire
Tall This Tour Tax
Taxi Those Stiff Tail
Tea Though Tower Tailor
Teach Though Under Western
Tear Thread Underneath Wet
Telegraph Threaten Understand What
22
Thief Tooth Union Wisdom
Thin Top Unit Wise
Thing Total Unity Wish
Thom Toward Strength Visitor
Thorough Uncle Step Voice
Wall Whichever Universal Success
Wander While Universe Such
Want Whip Vote Succeed
War Whisper Vowel
Warm Whistle Voyage
Warmth White Wage
Warn Whiten Waist
Wash Who Wait
Waste Whoever Waiter
Watch Whole Wake
Water Whom Walk
Wave Whose Whatever
Wax Why Wheat
Way Why Wheel
We Wicked When
Wealth(Bauer and Nation, 1993 Wide Whenever
Weak Widen Where
Weaken Widow Wherever
Weapon Widower Whether
Wear Width Which
Weather Wife With
Weave Wild Within
Weed Will Without
23
Week Win Witness
Weekday Wind Women
Weekend Window Whichever
Weigh Wine While
Weight Wing Stuff
Welcome Winter Stupid
Well Wipe Subject
24
):2081(Yemeni books list
abbreviation Almost arrange base ( n) bite
able aloud Art gallery beak Blanket
about also artifact beans Blaze
above Although artificial bear Bleeding
abroad always artist Beard Blind
accident am ask beat blind(n)
accept amal asleep beautiful Block
ache Ambition asma beauty blood
across ambulance aspirin because Blouse
activity amen at Become blue
actually an ate bed board
add anchor Atlantic bedding boat
addicted and atmosphere Bedroom boil
Address anger attack bee bone
adjective angry attend beehive book
adult animal attraction beekeeper Bookshop
advanced annual August been border
adverb another aunt before borrow
advertise Answer awake beg both
advertisement ant away begin bottle
advice Antonym awful beginning Bought
Aerial any Axe Behind Bounce
afraid anywhere back believe bowl
After appear bad Belong to box
Afternoon appearance badly-built below boxer
again appear bag Belt boxer
against apple bake Bend(v) boy
age applicant baker benefit bracelet
25
ago apricot Bakery berry bracelet
agree April balance best Braille
agriculture Arabic balcony better Brave
air arch Bald between bread
air-hostess archaeological ball bicycle break
airline architect balloon big breakfast
Air-wing architecture banana bike breath
Albarid are Bandage Biology bridge
algebra area Bank bird Brightly
All right Armchair bank manager bit
allow army Bars(of a gate)
arrival Basketball black abit along
brilliant candle cheetah coffee conversation
bring Capital city chef coin cook
birthday captain Chemicals cold cool
broken car chemistry cold copper
brother carbohydrates chest Collapse copy
brown care chicken Collect coriander
brush careful children collection corner
build Carefully chocolate college cornflakes
Built Caretaker choice Color Coronation
bumpy carpenter cholera column correct
Burger Carpet choose combine cost(v)
burn Carrier chop(v) come cotton
burn carry chopped comedy cough
burning carry, carried chopsticks comfortable Could
bury carton chose comic countable
bus cartoon circle Coming country
Bush cassette Citizen comma course
business castle city commit court(n)
26
businessman cat Civil war Commonwealth courtyard
but catch class Company cousin
Butcher cause classroom comparative Cover
butter CD claw compare coverings
by censer clean comparison Crash
Bye centimeter Clear comparison Cream
cabin centre Clear Compete Create
café Century clerk complete creek
cage ceremony Clever Computer crew
cake Certain climate conclusion Crime
calendar chair climb confidence crockery
call chalk clinic Confident crossroads
Called champion Close confirm crosss
calm down chance closedown Congratulations crowd
Came change Cloth connect Crown
camel channel Clothes conscientious crush
camera character cloud consonant cry
camp chat club Contain cucmber
can cheap Coal-mining continue cultural
can (n) check coast Continue culture
Cancel Cheer coastguard contrast cumin
cheese coastline control cup Disobey
coat Convention cupboard cure
Curly Deliver distance Eastern Equivalent
currency dentist district eat erosion
curry depart divided eaten escape
Curtain departure Do Education essential
curved describe doctor Educational even (when )
Cushion description Document efficient Evening
customer desert doll egg event
27
customs officer desertification domestic eight Eventually
cut desk done eighteen ever
cut up destination door eighth Everest
cutlery Destroy Dot eighty everyday
cycle Details Down either everyone
cylindrical develop Downhill electric everywhere
cyclist development dozens electrical exactly
Dad Diamond draft Electrical fault exam
dam diary drag electricity examine
damage (v) Did drama Electronics example
dancer die draw elephant excellent
dangerous different dream eleven except
dark Difficult Dress Emergency Exchange
data dig dressmaker Emigration exercise
daughter dinner dried emphasize exhibition
Dave Directions drilling Empire expect
dawn dirt drink employer experience
day Dirty Drive end experiment
daytime Disabled driven endless explain
dead disagree driver energy Explanation
deal with Disappear drop engineer export
dear disaster drought Engineering extract
Death disaster drown Enjoy extremely
decide Discipline dry enough Eye
deck Discover During Enter eye-witness
Decorated Discovery dust Entrance eye-witness
defend Discuss dustbin Entry fabric
Define Discussion Dusty Envelope face
Definitely disease duties epidemic facilities
definition Disembarkation each epidemic facilities
28
degree dishes early episode Factory
degrees Celsius disinfect Earn equal Facts
delay disinfectant earrings Equipment fair
delicious Disneyland Easier, easiest falcon
fallen immediately Invention ability alone
famine fill in for garlic grazing
famous fill in Forename gas great
fan Film Forest gazelle green
fantastic film director forestation gear grief
far final forget generally grill
Farm finaly fork generation grind
farmer find form Gentle groan
farmhouse fine form gentlemen ground
farmland finely forming Geography grow
Farther Finger fortunately germ guess
fascinated finish forty get guide
fascinating fire forwards gift gun
Fashion(n) fireman found Giggle habits
fast Fireproof four ginger hair
Fat First fourteen giraffe half
fat fish fox girl Hall
father fish France Give hammer
Favorites fishermen free give birth hand
Fax Fit Free glad hand
Feather fit frequently glass handbag
February five fresh glass handicrafts
fed Flag Friday glasses handkerchief
feed flame fridge glue handle
feel flat friend Go handlebars
feelings Flat friendliness goat happen
29
feet flight friendly gone happy
felt flippers frighten Good hard
female Floor from good at harvest
fertile flour frozen Goodbye Hassan
fertilizer flu Fruit goods(pl n) Have
festival fly/flies Fuad Govern He/he
fewer flyflew fun government HE Excellency
fewer foal fur grab/grabbed head
Field focus Furniture grandson Head of state
fifteen fog further grape Head( chief)
Fifth fog furthermore grapefruit headache
fifty follow future grass headline
fig food Game grate Headquarters
Figure foot/feet garden grateful headword
fill football gardening graze health
Hear horrific immunize invest label
heavy horse Impolite invitation ladder
height hose important invite lady
held Hospital impossible Iraq lake
Helicopter hot Impossible iron lamb
Hellow hotel Improve Is/is Lamp
help hour in Islam/Islamic lampshade
Help house incense island land
helpful household Including It/it landslide
her housewife Income itself language
her Housework increase Jacket large
Here however Independent jar last
hers huge Independently jet (of water) late
herself humid India job later
Hi humidity industrial journalism laugh
30
hidden hump industry journalist lay
hide hundred infect journey lazy
high hundreds infection judo leaf
High jump hunger infinitive juice leaf \ leaves
highlands hunting infinitive jump Learner
Hill hurricane Influence jungle leather
Hilly hurt information Just leave
him husband infrequently kaftan leave
himself hygiene ingredient keep left
hire hypothesis inhabitant keeper leg
his I/I'm inject kettle Legal
historical ice-cream injection Key legend
history icy Injured kg( kilogram) lemon
hit idea injury/ies kick length
hobby idea inside kill leopard
hold ideal Instruction kilo less
hole idex intense kilometer lesson
holy idiomatic interested in kind let
home ill interesting King letter
homeless illness/es international Kitchen lettuce
homework imagine interview Knee level
hope imagine into kneel Library
hopeless Imitate introduce knew life
horizon immediate Invent knife lift
horrible immunization
know immigrant light knowledge lighting(n)
like male middle mountain newsflash
Likely man midnight Mountainous Next
line management Might mouse nice
link mane mile moustache Night
31
lion mango milk Mouth nightfall
liquid man-made Million move nine
list map minaret Mr. ninety
listen Marathon mind Mrs. nitrogen
literature marble mine mud No
litre mare minister Mum Nobody
Live marvelous minor museum noise
local mark minute music noisily
lone mast miracle musician nomad
long mat mirror must noon
long-eared match Miss my no-one
look material missing myself normally
lorry mathematician mistake mysterious normally
lose Mathematics misty mystery northern
Loss mattress mix nadia not
lost may mixture Nail notes
Loud maybe mixture name nothing
lounge me nineteen narrow nothing
love mean mobile national notice
Lovely meaning moderate National noun
low measure Modern nationality Now
Luckily meat moment native Nowadays
luggage Medal Monarch natural nowhere
luky medicine Money near number
lunch meet monkey nearby nurse
lying meeting monster nearly nut
Machine memory month necessary Obey
mad men moon neck object(n)
magazine mend more necklace Occasion
magnificent menswear morning need Occupation
32
magnificent menu Moslem neighbour Ocean
Main message Mosque neither o'clock
mainly Messenger Most net of
Majlis met mostly Never of course
major metal mother new off
make metre motor newly President
malaria microscope Motorist news Press
office page peak play pressure
officer pain pear please prevent
Official painful peas plough Previous
Often paint Pedestrian plug Prince
Oh paintbrush peel plump Principality
oil painter peeled plus print
Ok painting(n) pen poet priority
olive paints pencil point Prison
on Pakistan Penicillin poison Prisoner
one palace penny Police probably
onion Palace people policeman Problem
only pan Pepper polite procedure
open panic Perfect polite(ly) process ( n )
opinion papaya preference politeness producer
opportunity paper perhaps pool product
opposite paramedic Period Popular profit
or parents Permanente Population programme
oral paresly person port promote
orange park personal positive pronunciation
order park( a car) peter possibility protect
Ordinary Parliament petrol Possible protection
organizer Parliamentary Phone post protein
originally part photography Postbox prove
33
others partner phrase postcard province
otter party Physical poster public
ours pass physics Postman pull
ourselves passage pice of pot pullover
out passenger pick potato pulse
outboard passive picnic potter pupil
Outer passport Picture pottery purpose
outside Past Pigeon pour Purpose
outwards past pillow powerful push
over paste (n) pills Practice(n) Put
Over there pat pilot Pray puzzle
owl path Pin Prefix qualifications
Owner patience pineapple Preparation qualified
oxygen patient place prepare qualify
Pacific Pattern plan preposition quantity
packed lunch pavement plant prescribe quarter
packet Pay plastic prescription Queen
question peacefully Plate present Sewer
questionnaire peaches Room save Sex
quickly Reign(n,v) root Saw sexless
quiet relations rope say shake
quietly Relationship rough scald shaking
Quiz relative round scales shall
race Relax roundabout Scarf shape
radio remember Route scary shark
radiographer remind row Scene She/she
rain remove Royal scenery sheep
rainfall re-order rubber school sheet
rainy re-pack rude Science sheikh
raise repair( v) rug scientific Shelf
34
Ran repeat Rugby scientist shine
ranch Replace ruins scissors Shirt
rattlesnake reply rule score Shock
Raven report ruler scratch Shoe
raw Republic rumor Scream shop
reach rescue run scruffy shopkeeper
read reservation Rush(v) Sea shore
ready Respect rut Search(n,v) short
real Responsibility Sack seat shortage
really rest sad Second shortened
reason Restaurant sadly secondary shorts
Reasonable restore safe secretary shout
Receive result safety Security show
recently return said See shower
reception rev/revved Sail(n) seed showercurtaian
receptionist rice Sailing seedless sick
recklessly rich sailor seem side
recognize ridden salad seen sight
recommend ride salary selfish sign
Recorder right Salmon sell Signature
recover Ring Salt Sense silently
red Rise(v) sam Separate silk
reduce river same serial Silly
refrigerated road sand series similar
register Robot sandals Serious simmer
regularly rock sandy seriously Simon
Regulation rocky Satellite Serve Simple
simplified Roll(v) Saturday Set T.V
since roof sauce settler table
sing soil stand subtropical table
35
sink Sold star succeed tags
sister solve starve Success tail
Sit some Station successful Take
sitdown somebody stationary suddenly Take(time)
site someone Statue sue Talk
Situation something stay sugar tall
Six sometimes steal Suggest tallest
Size Somewhere Steam Suitcase tanker
skill son steam summary tap
skin song steep Summer tarmac
Skirt soon step sun taste
sky sore Stereo Sunday taxi/taxied
skyscraper sorghum Stick sunny taxi-driver
sleep Sorry Still sunrise tea
slight Sort stitch sunset Teach
slim sound(n) Stole super teacher
sling spaceship stone superb team
slip (t) spade Stood superlative Tease
slow spare stop Supermarket teenager
small Speak store Superstition Teeth
smallest spear stork supply Telephone
smallpox Special Storm support telescope
smile Spectator story suppose temperature
Smoke speed straight on sure temple
smoking spelling Straight(hair) surface (n,v) Ten
smooth spend Stream surgery tense
snake spice Street Surprised tent
sneeze spike stress survivor Terrible
snow Spoke Stretcher Swallow terrified
so spokesman Strict swam Terrified
36
soak spoonful string Sweater text
Soap sport stripe swim Textbook
society sports teacher Strong Swimmer than
Sock spread structure Switch thanks
Socket squeeze stuck swollen that
Sofa staff study sword The/the
soft stained study symbol Warning
theatre Stairs study(n) Synonym Was
their Stall(n) Stupid syringe Wash
theirs Stamp style system Watch
them together subject Up water
Themselves Toilet tropical Uphill Wave
Then told Trouble(n ~) upset way
There tomato Trousers upwards we
therefore tomb truck urban weak
thermometer tomorrow truth Urgent weapon
these too try us Wear
They/they took T-shirt use weather
Thick toothpaste tsp( teaspoon) Useful wedding
thin topsoil Tuesday usually Wednesday
thing Toral turn vacancy Week
think total Twelve vaccinate weekend
Third touch twenty valley weigh
thirsty tour twin Valuable weight
thirteen tourch Two Value(n) welcome
thirty Tourism type variety well
this tourist Typical vegetables well ( n )
thoroughly Tow umbrella vegetation Went
those towards uncle vehicle Were
Thousands towel unconscious verandah wet
37
Three Tower uncountable verb What
throat Town under very Wheelchair
through track (n) underlined victim When
throw tractor understand view Where
Thursday trade Unexpected villa whereas
tick trading ( n ) unfit village wherever
ticket traditional unfortunately visa which
Tidier, tidiest traffic jam unfriendly Visit while
tie Train Unhappy visitor whisper
timetable Training unhelpful vitamin white
tired Traitor uniform voice Who
title Trapped unique volcano Whole
to travel unit Volleyball whose
toatally Tray Unity vowel Why
Today treasure University wait widely
toes treat unlike Wales wory
wife treatment Unlucky walk would
wildlife tree Unnecessary wall wreck
will triangular untidy wander write
Win / won trick until want Written
window trip unusual warm Wrong
windy you unwell workbook x-ray
wing young wonderful worker year
winter yours won't workshop yellow
Wipe yourself wood world Yes
wish Youth wooden worldwide Yesterday
With zebra wool worried yield ( n )
Without Zebra crossing word worse zoo
woman zone Work worst zoologist
yogurt arrive Beach Blame horn
38
One dimension of analysis which has been the subject of a great deal of discussion
and comment is the synthetic/ analytic dimension. The distinction between synthetic
and analytic (Wilkins, 1976) described the synthetic language teaching strategy is
one in which the different parts of language are thought separately and step by step
so that acquisition is a process of gradual accumulation of parts until the whole
structure of language has been built up. In an analytic syllabus, learners are
presented with chunk of language which may include structures of varying degrees
of difficulty. The starting point for syllabus design is not the grammatical system of
the language, but the communicative purposes for which language is used. It is
theoretically possible to conceive of language courses as being solely synthetic or
solely analytic. However, it is likely that, in practice, courses will be typified as more-
or- less synthetic or more or less analytic according to the prominence given to
discrete elements in the selection and grading of input.
In terms of words selection, it is said that if the syllabus content covers less than 20
percent of Michael West General List, it is analytic, communicative and if the syllabus
content covers more than70 it is synthetic, lexical syllabus.
• All words in Michael West’s list are (2282)
• All words in the Yemeni books (2081)
• Words in Yemeni books but not in Michael West list (942)
• Words in Yemeni books that are in West Michael list (1139)49.91%
• Words in Michael West list but not in Yemeni books (2417)
Then, we come to the judgment that the English Crescent Book Series for Yemen is
neither synthetic nor analytic in terms of its words selection. Simply, all words of the
Yemen books of English known as crescent series are 2081 and only 1139(49.91%)
words of them are found in Michael West General lists .The books are claimed to be
communicative adopting the functional notional syllabus design .The notional
functional design is not based on structural, grammatical, lexical selection of words,
it is rather concerned with the notion (what does the learner need to mean in
English) and functions.
1139 × 100
2282 49.91%
39
References
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