Post on 12-Jan-2016
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WEST NILE VIRUS: AN WEST NILE VIRUS: AN INVASIVE PATHOGEN TO THE INVASIVE PATHOGEN TO THE
AMERICASAMERICAS
WEST NILE VIRUS: AN WEST NILE VIRUS: AN INVASIVE PATHOGEN TO THE INVASIVE PATHOGEN TO THE
AMERICASAMERICAS
Christopher J. Brand, USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin
Worldwide DistributionWorldwide DistributionWorldwide DistributionWorldwide Distribution
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm
Transmission CycleTransmission CycleTransmission CycleTransmission Cycle
Thousands of crows died from deadly virus and 17 other native
bird species affected also
West Nile Virus Epizootic in Wild
Birds1999
Source of West Nile Virus in Source of West Nile Virus in North AmericaNorth America
Source of West Nile Virus in Source of West Nile Virus in North AmericaNorth America
• Infected mosquito?Infected mosquito?• Infected bird?Infected bird?• Infected human or horse?Infected human or horse?• Another vertebrate host?Another vertebrate host?• Bio-terrorism? Bio-terrorism? • Likely to remain unknownLikely to remain unknown
• Infected mosquito?Infected mosquito?• Infected bird?Infected bird?• Infected human or horse?Infected human or horse?• Another vertebrate host?Another vertebrate host?• Bio-terrorism? Bio-terrorism? • Likely to remain unknownLikely to remain unknown
Spread of WNV: 1999-2002Spread of WNV: 1999-2002Spread of WNV: 1999-2002Spread of WNV: 1999-2002
1999 200020012002
West Nile Virus in Birds, 2002West Nile Virus in Birds, 2002West Nile Virus in Birds, 2002West Nile Virus in Birds, 2002
>162 Susceptible Bird Species>162 Susceptible Bird Species>162 Susceptible Bird Species>162 Susceptible Bird Species
• Passeriformes (45%)Passeriformes (45%)
• Falconiformes (12%)Falconiformes (12%)
• Anseriformes (6%)Anseriformes (6%)
• Ciconiiformes (5%)Ciconiiformes (5%)
• Columbiformes (5%)Columbiformes (5%)
• Passeriformes (45%)Passeriformes (45%)
• Falconiformes (12%)Falconiformes (12%)
• Anseriformes (6%)Anseriformes (6%)
• Ciconiiformes (5%)Ciconiiformes (5%)
• Columbiformes (5%)Columbiformes (5%)
> 37 Mosquito Species Infected> 37 Mosquito Species Infected> 37 Mosquito Species Infected> 37 Mosquito Species Infected
• AedesAedes– albopictusalbopictus
• CulexCulex– salinarius, tarsalissalinarius, tarsalis
• OchlerotatusOchlerotatus– atropalpus, j. japonicusatropalpus, j. japonicus
• AedesAedes– albopictusalbopictus
• CulexCulex– salinarius, tarsalissalinarius, tarsalis
• OchlerotatusOchlerotatus– atropalpus, j. japonicusatropalpus, j. japonicus
West Nile Virus in Horses, 2002West Nile Virus in Horses, 2002West Nile Virus in Horses, 2002West Nile Virus in Horses, 2002
>12,038 Cases> 733 Deaths
West Nile Virus in Humans, 2002West Nile Virus in Humans, 2002West Nile Virus in Humans, 2002West Nile Virus in Humans, 2002
>4,156 Cases284 Deaths
200120022003
?
Potential Dissemination of WNV Potential Dissemination of WNV by Migratory Birdsby Migratory Birds
Potential Dissemination of WNV Potential Dissemination of WNV by Migratory Birdsby Migratory Birds
Migratory Bird SamplingMigratory Bird SamplingMigratory Bird SamplingMigratory Bird Sampling
Great Meadows NWR, MAWertheim NWR, NY
Cape May NWR, NJChincoteague NWR, VA
Croatan Nat’l Forest, NC
Savannah NWR, SC
St. Marks NWR, FL
Key West, FL
Jamaica Bay WR, NY
Merritt Island NWR, FL
JN ‘Ding’ Darling NWR, FL
Mark Twain NWR, IL
Shelby County, TN
Southeast Louisiana NWR, LA
Goose Island SP, WI
Mercedes, TXLower Rio Grand Valley NWR, TXLaguna Atascosa NWR, TX
Research Results:Research Results:WNV Transmission by ContactWNV Transmission by Contact
Research Results:Research Results:WNV Transmission by ContactWNV Transmission by Contact
Research Results:Research Results:WNV Transmission by IngestionWNV Transmission by Ingestion
Research Results:Research Results:WNV Transmission by IngestionWNV Transmission by Ingestion
Research Results:Research Results:WNV Vaccine EfficacyWNV Vaccine Efficacy
Research Results:Research Results:WNV Vaccine EfficacyWNV Vaccine Efficacy
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West Nile Virus:West Nile Virus:A Threat to Biodiversity???A Threat to Biodiversity???
West Nile Virus:West Nile Virus:A Threat to Biodiversity???A Threat to Biodiversity???