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AP Biology
Welcome to AP Biology Agenda: 8/27/12
Registration Student Info Sheets / Safety Contracts Distribute Books HW – Student Survey
AP Biology
AP Biology Class Expectations found on Durango
Website http://www.durangohighschool.net/ Course Information, supplemental
materials, AP test info go to www.collegeboard.com
Online Textbook/Notes go to http://www.course-notes.org/Biology/Slides/Campbells_Biology_7th_Edition
NMSI Website – more to come
AP Biology
Homework – Student Survey On a separate sheet of paper please
tell me about yourself in 1 page. Must include the following: Interests/hobbies/familyPast Science courses How you learn best / learning styleGoals for AP BiologyGoals for your future
Due Tomorrow!
AP Biology
Welcome to AP Biology ~ Day 2 Agenda: 8/28/12
Collect Student Info Sheets / Safety Contracts
Distribute Books (if needed) AP Bio / Chp.1 Overview HW – Chp.2 Read & Review Questions Quiz 1 will be this FRIDAY (8/31/12)
Covers review materials: Chp.1-3, Lab Safety, Scientific Method, Designing a Controlled Experiment
AP Biology
AP Biology Test
Monday, May 14 http://www.collegeboard.com/student/te
sting/ap/biology/exam.html?biology
Course Break Down Big Idea 1: Evolution
The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Big Idea 2: Cellular Processes: Energy and
CommunicationBiological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Genetics and Information TransferLiving systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: InteractionsBiological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
AP Biology
Learning Objectives Labs Questions?
AP Biology 2007-2008
Study of Life
Themes
AP Biology
Themes Science as a process of
inquiry questioning & investigation
Evolution Energy transfer Continuity & Change Relationship of structure to function Regulation Interdependence in nature Science, technology & society
AP Biology
Science as a process of inquiry
AP Biology
Science as a process of inquiry Built on repeatable observations &
testable, falsifiable hypotheses
AP Biology
Falsifiable A hypothesis is falsifiable if you can
design and perform and experiment to show you that it is wrong, if it is wrong (meaning, it can be tested).
EXAMPLES: Falsifiable – Increasing the amount of
water given to a plant will increase its growth
NOT Falsifiable – Giving a plant more water will make it
happier.
AP Biology
Evolution Core theme of biology
Charles Darwin
AP Biology
Natural selection Evolutionary change is a
product of the process of natural selection
Organisms don’t adapt;
Organisms have adaptations.
AP Biology 2007-2008
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
-- Theodosius DobzhanskyMarch 1973
Geneticist, Columbia University(1900-1975)
AP Biology
Evolution explains unity & diversity Unity
what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist? common biochemistry & physiology
evolutionary relationships connected through common ancestor
Diversity but why are there
differences? natural selection adaptations allow different
individuals to survive in different environments
AP Biology
AP Biology
Organizing systems Making sense out of the diversity Hierarchical
scheme
Eastern gray squirrelSciurus carolinensis
AP Biology
3 Domains of LifeBacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
EukaryaBacteria Archaea
AP Biology
Energy transfer Life is an open system
need input of energy energy flows through energy comes in,
energy goes out need a constant input
need input of materials nutrients are recycled
around & around
ENTROPY RULES!DECOMPOSERS RULE, too!
nutrients
AP Biology
Energy utilization
You think they’re eating…
They’re harvestingenergy!
AP Biology
Continuity & change Continuity of life is based on heritable
information in the form of DNA DNA – the genetic
material – carries biological information from one generation to the next
You can make more,a lot like you!
TRAIT
AP Biology
Structure and function The alignment of structure & function is
seen at all levels of biology
organism
cell organelle
organ
AP Biology
Regulation Organisms need to maintain a “steady state”
in the face of changing conditions Homeostasis achieve this through feedback
monitor the body like a thermostat turn on when it’s needed, off when its not
AP Biology
Interdependence in Nature No organism is an island standing alone
communities, ecosystems
AP Biology
Science, technology & society Science & technology must function within
the rules of society ethics
AP Biology
Themes Science as a process of
inquiry questioning & investigation
Evolution Energy transfer Continuity & Change Relationship of structure to function Regulation Interdependence in nature Science, technology & society
AP Biology
Why study themes of Biology? Biology is an ever expanding body of
knowledge too much to memorize it all need to generalize create a framework upon which to
organize new knowledge themes are the key to understanding
the nature of living organisms
AP Biology 2007-2008
ANY QUESTIONS?
AP Biology
Homework Begin Week 1 Reading Assignment
Suggestion: Complete Chp.1, Start Chp.2
Complete Review Questions
AP Biology
Agenda: 8/29/12 Collect any signature pages Review safety features of lab Review scientific method Designing a controlled experiment Homework
AP Biology
Lab Safety Tour Questions?
AP Biology
The Scientific Method: Review
1. Statement of problem. 2. Observation: data collection. 3. Hypothesis: proposed explanation 4. Experimental testing. 5. Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis.
AP Biology
Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life
At the heart of science is inquiry A search for information and explanation,
often focusing on specific questions Biology blends two main processes of
scientific inquiry Discovery science Hypothesis-based science
AP Biology
Discovery Science Describes natural structures and
processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data
AP Biology
Data Are recorded observations Can be quantitative or qualitative
Figure 1.24
AP Biology
Induction in Discovery Science
In inductive reasoning Scientists derive generalizations
based on a large number of specific observations
AP Biology
Hypothesis-Based Science In science, inquiry that asks specific
questions Usually involves the proposing and
testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses
AP Biology
The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry In science, a hypothesis
Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial
Makes predictions that can be tested
AP Biology
We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesisFigure 1.25
AP Biology
A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry
A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities It must be testable It must be falsifiable
"No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, one single experiment can prove me wrong." --- Albert Einstein.
AP Biology
Designing Controlled Experiments
Experiments must be designed to test The effect of one variable by testing
control groups and experimental groups in a way that cancels the effects of unwanted variables
AP Biology
Theories in Science
A scientific theory Is broad in scope Generates new hypotheses Is supported by a large body of evidence
***In order for a theory to be accepted, it must be consistent and repeatable by others.
AP Biology
Designing a Controlled Experiment Labs, Inquiry, and Lab Reports are a
HUGE part of AP Biology You will work with a partner in this
activity to review the components of a controlled activity.
At the end, you will practice designing your own controlled experiment.
You will have class time today and tomorrow, Due Friday!
AP Biology
Homework
Continue working on 1st Week Reading Assignment ~ Due Friday! Suggestion: Complete Chp.2, Start Chp.3
Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method is FRIDAY
AP Biology
Agenda: 8/30/12 Collect any signature pages Feedback & Water movie clip Continue working on “Designing a
Controlled Experiment” with your partner – due tomorrow
Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method is tomorrow! (1st week reading assignment is due tomorrow)
AP Biology
Homework
Finish “Designing a Controlled Experiment”
Finish 1st Week Reading Assignment ~ Due TOMORROW!
Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method is tomorrow!
AP Biology
Agenda:8/31/12 Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method Finish “Designing a Controlled
Experiment” Review Data & Graphing HW – Chp.4 (& beginning of 5) notes
AP Biology
Data Tables & Graphing Review
AP Biology
Working with DATA When you work with data during an
experiment, you need to: Make accurate and precise measurements. Account for error in measured values Develop techniques and consistency for
collecting data Understand the units and properties of the data.
Make observations of trends and patterns in the data. Produce visual representation of data, GRAPHS and
CHARTS.
AP Biology
Working with Data Continued When you work with data during an
experiment, you need to: Use mathematical equations to model
data. Use mathematical models to make
predictions of trends. Test the fitness of models using regression
of correlations and other statistical test.
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques Identify the independent and dependent variable. The independent variable is carefully controlled and
varied by a specific amount during an experiment. It is plotted on the x-axis.
The dependent variable must be measured every time the independent variable is changed during the experiment. It is plotted on the y-axis.
Choose your scale carefully (must be consistent intervals). Make your graph as large as possible by spreading out the data on each axis. Let each square grid on your axis represent a convenient interval. Do not number every grid on your axis.
Plot each point as a dark dot
AP Biology
Intro to Graphing Techniques cont. Label each axis with the name of the variable and the
units of measure. Using a ruler, darken the lines representing the axis.
Use a pencil and a ruler when drawing the axis for your graph.
Title your graph. The title should be short and clearly state the purpose of the graph. The title could include the independent and dependent variables. General the titles are written as the y variable vs the x variable.
Use a single sheet of graph paper for each graph. Do not use the back of a sheet graph paper.
If you have more than one graph, number each graph in the upper right-hand corner.
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques Examine the position of your data points.
Observe the pattern the data forms on the graph. From the pattern the data makes on the graph,
determine the type of relationship between the x and y variables.
Most times it will be best to use a smooth continuous line called a “best fit”line.
AP Biology
Drawing a “best fit” line. Your line should go through as many of the data points as
possible. Use a ruler (if the line appears straight) and a sharp pencil to draw a best fit line.
When you draw your “best fit” line and the data points do not all fit on the line, draw the line so that there are equal numbers of data points above and below the line you draw. Try to draw the line so that it comes as close to all data points as possible.
This may result in a line that curves! If it is logical for the data to go through the origin, take your
best fit line all the way to the origin. Draw your best fit line so that it goes a little past your last
data point.
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
Direct Relationship
AP Biology
Inverse Relationship
AP Biology
Homework
Review Data Tables & Graphing powerpointOn my.ccsd.net website
Chp.4 (& beginning of 5) Reading AssignmentDue Tuesday!!!