Webinar on Smart Cities

TheSmartCityParadigm

CarloAlbertoNucciDepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandInformationEngineeringGuglielmoMarconi–DEISchoolofEngineeringandArchitectureUniversityofBologna

IntroductiontoSmartCities

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Citiesevolution

Inthecomingyears,citiesareexpectedtodealwithanincreasingnumberandtypeofservicesfortheircitizens,allhavingtodowithoverarchinggoalssuchas▸ sustainability▸ environment▸ qualityoflife▸ energysaving▸ …

•  Asthepopulationlivinginurbanareasisexpectedtodoubleby2050,thereisageneralconsensusthatanynewprocesswillrequiremorethanjustanincrementalupgradingofthecities’organization,infrastructureandtheservicesprovidedtoitscitizens.

IntroductiontoSmartCities

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Needforamulti-disciplinaryapproach

Toachievethechallenginggoalsmentionedabove,drasticchangesarerequiredthatinvolveamultitudeofnewtechnologiesrelevanttovariousdisciplinese.g.

▸ Behavioralscience▸ Civil-Architecturalengineering▸ ComputerScience▸ Economics▸ Electrical,ElectronicandTelecommunicationengineering▸ Medicine▸ Socialscience

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Ontheadjective‘smart’

Suchtechnologiesarenowadayslabeledwiththeubiquitouswordsmart.

TechnologyhasalwaysbeensmartàthisadjectiveservestounderlinethewidespreaduseofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT),sensorsandintelligence,e.g.softwareembeddedinthevariousparts,componentsandinfrastructuresforminganurbanarea.

Inthispicturewelabelpeoplelivinginthecityorusingitsfacilitiesassmartaswell,inthattheyownportablesmartdevicescommunicatingwithexistingICTnetworks,whichareinstrumentaltotheaccomplishmentofsuchagoal.

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Somedefinitions

TheSmartCitiesCouncilisafor-profit,Partner-ledassociationfortheadvancementofthesmartcitybusinesssector.ItpromotessmartcitiesingeneralandourPartnersinparticular.AlliedTelesis�AlstomGrid�Bechtel�Cisco�CubicTransportationSystems-Enel�GE�IBM�Itron,Inc.�MasterCard�Mercedes-Benz�Microsoft�Ooredoo�Qualcomm�S&CElectricCo.�SchneiderElectric

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Somedefinitionshttp://www.smart-cities.eu

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ThedefinitionoftheProceedingsoftheIEEEWefeelthattheemergingprototypeforasmartcityisanurbanenvironmentwithanewgenerationofinnovativeservicesfor

▸  business/commerce▸  culture▸  energydistribution▸  environmentalmonitoring/preservation▸  emergencyresponse(resiliency)▸  fooddistribution▸  healthcare▸  socialactivities▸ waterdistribution▸ wastemanagement

frequentlyinteractingwitheachotherthankstoICTdevicesandsolutions

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IEEEStandards

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ISOStandards

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ReferenceSmartCityparadigmconcerningtheEngineering/ComputerSciencearea:interactionbetweendataandinfrastructures,processesandpeopleisdepicted.

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FunctionaldiagramofthePlanningandOperationofSmartCityprocessesasafunctionofcitizens(users)activeparticipation.TherolesoftheSimulation,AnalysisandControlphaseswithrelevantenablers(ModelingandTechnologies)areembodied.

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RoleofICT

ICTinfrastructureanditsinteractionwithsomeofthecorecomponentsofaSmartCity–Wastemanagement;SmartGrid;E-mobility;Security;E-health,Wastemanagement;BuildingandUrbanizationandTourism–throughCloud

andFoginfrastructures.

AdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018

Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide

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UniversityofBologna

AdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018

Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide

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Spain-UniversityofSeville

AdaptedfromA.Gòmez-Expòsitoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018

Upcomingstructureandrelationshipsofpowersystemsinthe21stcentury.

GeographicalscopeoftheSmartCityprojectinthewesterncoastal

areaofMalaga.

SmartGridsasenablersforSmartCities

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AdaptedfromA.Gòmez-Expòsitoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018

Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide

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UniversityofBologna

Saltloadedmasonrywallafter1month:comparisonbetweentheexperimentalcampaignandthesimulatedwatersaturationdegree

Sketchofthemulti-scaleapproachfortheanalysisoflarge-scalemasonrywalls

AdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018

Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide

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UniversityofBolognaAdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018

MobilCrowdSensing(MCS)processmodelanddeploymentoverSmartCities.

Mobilityofcitizensbetweenpointsofinterestautomaticallyevaluatedfrommobilitytracesobtainedthroughthe

ParticipActappin(a)Bolognaand(b)Florianopolis.

(a)

(b)

Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide

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Boston-MIT

AdaptedfromT.J.Matarazzoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018

(a)PlanandElevationviewsofasegment(Spans13–19)oftheHarvard380Bridgewithfixedsensornetworklayout;(b)PhotographofthefixedsensorsontheEastside381oftheHarvardBridge;(c)Photographofthereferencesensorandsmartphonesonavehicle382dashboard

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ConcludingRemarks

•  TheSCparadigmrepresentsprobablythemostpromisingapproachtotacklethechallengesposedbymodernurbanareas,whosepopulationisexpectedtodoubleby2050.

•  Ontheotherhand,rigorouslyspeaking,thereisnosinglegenerallyacceptabledefinitionforaSmartCity.Alltheavailableoneshavehoweveronefeatureincommon:themultidimensionalandmultidisciplinarynatureofwhataSmartCityrepresents.

•  Thenumberofdisciplinesinvolvedcanvaryfromcasetocase,aswellasthenatureofthemodelsandalgorithmsused;thisappliesalsotothedataprocessingandoptimizationtechniques.

•  SmartGridsrepresentamajorenablerfortheimplementationoftheconceptofSmartCity

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ConcludingRemarks•  FewresearchareasotherthanSCrequireaclosecooperationamongresearcherswithdifferent,complementaryinterests.Thecaseofe-mobility,forinstance,callsfortechnicalskillsintheareasofICT,electricpowernetworks/smartgrids,electricvehicles,storagesystems,andcomputerco-simulationtoolsfortheintegratedrepresentationofsystemsbelongingstoheterogeneousdomains.

•  Academicswithdifferentbackgroundnotonlyneedtocooperatewitheachotherandwithindustrialplayersmorethanforanyothertechnicalchallenge,buttheyalsoneedtointeractandcooperatewithlocalmunicipalitygovernancesandregionalcommunities.

•  Thedevelopmentofrelevantstandardsandbusinessmodelsisofutmostimportance.

Presenters

▸  GillesBetishasbeenchairingtheIEEESmartCitiesInitiative(smartcities.ieee.org)since2013.HeisanindependentconsultantforSmartCities.PreviouslyhewasOpenDataProjectDirectorattheTransdevDigitalfactory,heleadtheDigitalCitiesactionlineofEITDigital(www.eitdigital.eu)andheldpositionsofproductlinemanager,marketingmanager,solutionleaderandheadofadvancedengineeringinThales.Sincetheendoftheeighties,hehasbeenconstantlyinvolvedwithprospective,innovationanddesignofcomplexsystems.HavinganextensiveindustrialexperienceinIntelligentTransportationSystemsandSmartCities,healwayslinkedupemergingbehavioursandsocietalneedstoinnovativetechnologicalsolutions,allowingsmoothadoptionbyfinalusers.GillesBetiswasgraduatedin1987asanEngineerfromEcoleSupérieured’ElectricitéinFrance.

Presenters

▸  ChristosG.CassandrasisDistinguishedProfessorofEngineeringatBostonUniversity.HeisHeadoftheDivisionofSystemsEngineering,ProfessorofElectricalandComputerEngineering,andco-founderofBostonUniversity’sCenterforInformationandSystemsEngineering(CISE).HereceiveddegreesfromYaleUniversity(B.S.,1977),StanfordUniversity(M.S.E.E.,1978),andHarvardUniversity(S.M.,1979;Ph.D.,1982).In1982-84hewaswithITPBoston,Inc.whereheworkedonthedesignofautomatedmanufacturingsystems.In1984-1996hewasafacultymemberattheDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofMassachusetts/Amherst.Hespecializesintheareasofdiscreteeventandhybridsystems,cooperativecontrol,stochasticoptimization,andcomputersimulation,withapplicationstocomputerandsensornetworks,manufacturingsystems,andtransportationsystems.Hehaspublishedover400refereedpapersintheseareas,andsixbooks.Hehasguest-editedseveraltechnicaljournalissuesandservesonseveraljournalEditorialBoards.Inadditiontohisacademicactivities,hehasworkedextensivelywithindustrialorganizationsonvarioussystemsintegrationprojectsandthedevelopmentofdecision-supportsoftware.HehasmostrecentlycollaboratedwithTheMathWorks,Inc.inthedevelopmentofthediscreteeventandhybridsystemsimulatorSimEvents.Dr.CassandraswasEditor-in-ChiefoftheIEEETransactionsonAutomaticControlfrom1998through2009andhasalsoservedasEditorforTechnicalNotesandCorrespondenceandAssociateEditor.HeiscurrentlyanEditorofAutomatica.Hewasthe2012PresidentoftheIEEEControlSystemsSociety(CSS).HehasalsoservedasVicePresidentforPublicationsandontheBoardofGovernorsoftheCSS,aswellasonseveralIEEEcommittees,andhaschairedseveralconferences.Hehasbeenaplenary/keynotespeakeratnumerousinternationalconferences,includingtheAmericanControlConferencein2001andtheIEEEConferenceonDecisionandControlin2002and2016,andtheIFACWorldCongressin2017andhasalsobeenanIEEEDistinguishedLecturer.

Presenters

▸  CarloAlbertoNucciisfullprofessorandheadofthePowerSystemsLaboratoryoftheDepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandInformationEngineering‘GuglielmoMarconi’oftheUniversityofBologna.Heisauthororco-authorofover370scientificpaperspublishedonpeer-reviewedjournalsoronproceedingsofinternationalconferences,ofsixbookchapterseditedbyIEE,IET(two),Kluwer,RumanianAcademyofScienceandWITpressandofacoupleofIEEEStandardsandsomeCIGREtechnicalbrochures.HeisaFellowoftheIEEEandofCIGREandhasreceivedsomebestpaper/technicalinternationalawards,includingtheCIGRETechnicalCommitteeAwardandtheICLPGoldeAward.FromJanuary2006toSeptember2012hehasservedasChairmanofCigréStudyCommitteeC4‘SystemTechnicalPerformance’.SinceJanuary2010heisservingasEditorinChiefoftheElectricPowerSystemsResearchjournal,Elsevier.Prof.NucciisdoctorhonoriscausaoftheUniversityPolitehnicaofBucharestandmemberoftheBolognaScienceAcademy.HehasservedaspresidentoftheItalianGroupofUniversityProfessorsofElectricalPowerSystems(GUSEE)from2012to2015.HeisanadvisoroftheGlobalResourceManagementProgramofDoshishaUniversity,Kyoto,supportedbytheJapaneseMinistryofEducationandScience.HehasrepresentedPESintheIEEESmartCityInitiativesProgramsince2014.

Smart, Participative, Inclusive And Frugal CitiesGilles Betis – OrbiCité, IEEE Smart City Initiative Founding Chair17th July 2018

China, India and Nigeria are projected to account for 37% of the increase of nearly 2.5 billion people in the urban population by 2050

Seven other countries, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan, and the United States of America, will constitute together another 20% of the total increase in urban population

« The nineteenth century was the century of empires,the twentieth that of nation-states

and the twenty-first century will be that of cities »said Wellington Webb, Mayor of Denver,

then president of the U.S. Conference of Mayors

Civic Tech

CityHall

Citizens

CitizenEngagement

CitizenParticipation

CitizenCollaboration

Creating and Sharing Value

ECOLOGY ECONOMICS

CULTUREPOLITICS

ECOLOGY

Positive ecological sustainabilityUrban settlements should have a deeper and more integrated relationship with nature

1. With energy generated renewably2. With waterways returned, as much as possible, to their pre-

settlement condition3. With natural spaces conserved and connected4. With urban growth managed and contained5. With transport oriented to walking, bikes and public systems6. With food production localized7. With waste reutilized

ECONOMICS

Positive economic prosperityUrban settlements should be based on an economy organized around the social needs of all its citizens (including entrepreneurs)

1. With production organized around local needs2. With strong financial governance, including participatory budgeting3. With regulation negotiated publicly4. With consumption substantially reduced5. With workplaces brought closer to residential areas6. With technology used primarily as a tool for good living7. With the institution of positive re-distributive processes

POLITICS

Positive political governanceUrban settlements should have an enhanced emphasis on engaged and negotiated civic involvement

1. With deep deliberative democratic processes2. With legislation enacted for socially just land-tenure3. With public support for public non-profit communication

services and media4. With political participation going deeper than electoral

engagement5. With basic security afforded to all people6. With reconciliation between settlers and Indigenous peoples7. With ongoing ethical debates concerning how we are to live

CULTURE

Positive cultural engagementUrban settlements should actively develop ongoing processes for dealing with the uncomfortable intersections of identity and difference

1. With careful public recognition of the complex layers of community-based identity

2. With the development of consolidated cultural activity zones3. With cultural institutions and public spaces dedicated to projecting cross-

cutting cultural histories4. With locally relevant fundamental beliefs woven into the urban fabric5. With conditions for gender equality pursued in all aspects of social life6. With the possibilities for facilitated enquiry and learning available to all

from birth to old age7. With public spaces and buildings designed to enhance emotional wellbeing

https://theconversation.com/what-actually-is-a-good-city-80677

Profile Circle Process Circle

http://www.circlesofsustainability.org

Autonomous Collaborative Street Lighting SHSPL System using Bin Packing algorithm in rural areas in Off-Grid environment

E-CO DAR For Human Centered Eco Transition

EE- stands for a smart affordable home using IoT and data analysis to achieve optimal use of its components.

Co is for Collaborative multidisciplinary design aiming at taking into account several parameters including households Energy Usage profiling using smart hub and mobiles apps we have developed.

DAR is referring to

TThe main idea is to create a contemporary vanguard version of the Moroccan traditional house. One that offers an environment that fulfils the criteria of an autonomous, smart, social, ecological, and energy-efficient construction, while preserving its spirit, basic principles and architectural functionalities.

E-douar / Smart Village Living LabNew vision for socio-economic development and citizens empowerment in rural areas with INDH

A concept for an open, inclusive and innovative rural world

Alphabetization for development in rural areas of MoroccoCollaboration UH2C-GreenTIC Morocco/ Avinashlingham University India

Thank you for your kind attention

SMART CITIESAS CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

C. G. Cassandras

Division of Systems Engineering,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Center for Information and Systems EngineeringBoston University

Decision Making

Data collection

EnergyManagement

Safety

Security

Control andOptimization

Actions

InformationProcessing

PrivacySENSOR

NETWORKS

BIGDATA

“SMART CITY” AS A CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM

Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

Decision Making

Data collection

Control andOptimization

Actions

InformationProcessing

“SMART CITY” AS A CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM

Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

CYBER

PHYSICAL

CYBER

x(t)Model

PHYSICAL

Model

t

x(t)),,( tuxfx

COLLECTING DATA IS NOT SMART- JUST A NECESSARY STEP TO

BEING SMART

PROCESSING DATA TO MAKE GOOD DECISIONS IS SMART

INFO

INFOACTION

Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

WHAT IS REALLY “SMART” ?

SMART CITY PROJECTS - URBAN MOBILITY

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

SMART PARKING

Finds optimal parking space for driver + reserves it

ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) ROUTING AND RECHARGINGOptimally routes EVs to minimize travel times + finds optimal charging station + reserves it

SMART CITY PROJECTS - URBAN MOBILITY

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLReal-time, data-driven dynamic traffic light control:• Alleviate congestion• Reduce pollution and fuel waste

TRAFFIC CONTROLExploit “connected vehicles” technology: from (selfish) “driver optimal” to

(social) “system optimal” traffic control

SMART CITY PROJECTS - URBAN MOBILITY

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

STREET BUMP Detect roadway “bumps” + classify them + prioritize and dispatch crews

Used in Boston

SMART AUTONOMOUS CARSNEXTCAR project :Self-driving autonomous cars for minimizingenergy consumption: integrate Vehicle Dynamicswith Powertrain Control

Vehicle control architecture concept

SMART PARKING

iPhone app

30% of vehicles on the road in the downtowns of major cities are cruising for a parking spot. It takes the average driver 7.8 minutes to find a parking spot in the downtown core of a major city.

R. Arnott, T.Rave, R.Schob, Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion. 2005

GUIDANCE-BASED PARKING – DRAWBACKS…Drivers:• May not find a vacant space• May miss better space• Processing info while driving

City:• Imbalanced parking utilization• May create ADDED CONGESTION(as multiple drivers convergeto where a space exists)

Searching for parking Competing for parking

SMART PARKING

Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

BESTPARKING SPOT

LEAST DISTANCE from A

+LEAST COST

+RESERVE IT

Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

SMART PARKING

CISE CODES L b B t U i it

[Geng and Cassandras, IEEE Trans. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2013]

• Parking space availabilitydetection

• Vehicle localization

• System-Drivercommunication

• Parking reservation

SMART PARKING – IMPLEMENTATION

Standard sensors (e.g., magnetic, cameras)Wireless sensor networking

GPS

SmartphoneVehicle navigation system

Red/Green/Yellow light system

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

On-street parking spacesOff-street parking spaces

Points of interest

SIMULATION CASE STUDY

Christos G. Cassandras CODES Lab. - Boston University

1. 10-20% higher parking utilization HIGHER REVENUE,

LOWER CONGESTION

2. % drivers searching for parking (wandering) < 2%HIGHER REVENUE,

LOWER CONGESTION

3. 50% reduction in parking time under heavy trafficLOWER CONGESTION,

LESS FUEL,DRIVER COMFORT

KEY CONCLUSIONS

Christos G. Cassandras CODES Lab. - Boston University

STREET BUMP:DETECTING “BUMPS”

THROUGH SMARTPHONES+ DATA ANALYTICS

iPhone app

2014 IBM/IEEE Smarter Planet Challenge prize

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

STREET BUMP – PROCESSING “BIG DATA”

• Detect obstacles using iPhone accelerometer and GPSno infrastructure needed

• Send to central server through Street Bump app

• Process data to classify obstacles:Anomaly detection and clustering algorithms,similar to cybersecurity problems

• Detect “actionable” obstacles

• Prioritize and dispatch Smart City crews to fix problems:DATA-DRIVEN DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

STREET BUMP – PROCESSING “BIG DATA”

Methodologies used:

• Anomaly detection, Machine Learning algorithms

• Bump signal signature analysis: REGULARITY METRIC

• Bump signal randomness content: ENTROPY METRIC

NON-ACTIONABLE(Flat Casting)

ACTIONABLE(Pothole)

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

STREET BUMP – ANOMALY INDEX RANKED LIST

TOP-10 ACTIONABLE OBSTACLES

ADAPTIVETRAFFIC LIGHT

CONTROL

• Automatically adapt red/green light cycles based on observed data• Predict and alleviate congestion over entire urban network• Reduce waiting times, congestion• Reduce pollution and fuel waste

Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

NETWORK-WIDE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

TRAFFIC CONTROL

The BU Bridge mess, Boston, MA (simulation using VISSIM)

… EVEN IF WE KNOW THE ACHIEVABLE OPTIMUMIN A TRAFFIC NETWORK ???

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

WHY CAN’T WE IMPROVE TRAFFIC…

Because:

• Not enough controls (traffic lights, tolls, speed fines)No chance to unleash the power of feedback!

• Not knowing other drivers’ behavior leads to poor decisions (a simple game-theoretic fact)

Drivers seek individual (selfish) optimum,not system-wide (social) optimum

PRICE OF ANARCHY(POA)

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

GAME-CHANGING OPPORTUNITY:CONNECTED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES (CAVs)

FROM (SELFISH) “DRIVER OPTIMAL” TO (SOCIAL) “SYSTEM OPTIMAL” TRAFFIC CONTROL

NO TRAFFIC LIGHTS, NEVER STOP…

THE “INTERNET OF CARS”

[Zhang et al, Proceedings of the IEEE, Special Issue on Smart Cities, 2018]

Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University

WHO NEEDS TRAFFIC LIGHTS?

With traffic lights With decentralized control of CAVs

One of the worst-designed double intersections ever… (BU Bridge – Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA)