Post on 29-Sep-2020
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Water Cycle, Groundwater
Earth Science Chapter 5Pages 116-117, 133-140
Review Questions 1, 17-22
Hydrologic Cycle
http://www.mnforsustain.org/water_climate_global_water_cycle_study.htm
Distribution/Cycle Animation Water Cycle
• 86% of evaporation from sea surface• 14% of atmospheric moisture from
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
• 78% of precipitation on sea surface• 22% of water precipitated falls on land
http://meted.com/mesoprim/mpradfog/print.htm
Water Cycle Water Cycle
• Less that 3% of Earth’s water is on land• Over ¾ of that is in glacial ice• Most of the rest is stored as groundwater
– (some groundwater is saline)
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Water Distribution Groundwater
• Precipitation infiltrates Earth’s surface• Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water• Drinking water source for half of U.S.
Groundwater
• Contributes to stream flow• ‘Universal solvent’• Dissolves some rock types
– Limestone (CaCO3)– Salts (NaCl, KCl)– Gypsum (CaSO4)
Groundwater Source
• First becomes ‘soil moisture’– Plants use it– Some evaporates directly– Some sinks down
• Infiltration• ‘Groundwater’ is stored
Groundwater Terms
• Zone of saturation• Water table• Zone of aeration
Groundwater terms diagram
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Groundwater Storage
• Porosity of rock– Spaces between sand grains– Cracks in crystalline rock– Dissolved cavities
• Permeability– Allows water to move– Interconnection of pore spaces
• Stored in AQUIFER– Porous and permeable rock
• Trapped by AQUITARD– Impermeable rock– Clay, shale
Groundwater Storage
Groundwater Movement
• Very slowly—– Small openings– High surface tension
• Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure– Hydraulic gradient– Hydraulic head
Groundwater movement diagram
Hydraulic head Springs
• Where water table intersects ground surface
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Photo of cliff springs Springs
• Where water table intersects ground surface• Hydraulic pressure brings to surface• Aquitard conducts groundwater
Springs diagram Hot Springs
• Water heated by hot rock (cooling magma)• Temperature increases solvent capabilities• May contain acids from magmatic water
Geysers
• Special type of hot spring• Pressure of water column suppresses
boiling• Heat added eventually overcomes
pressure• Sudden rise of water, increase pressure
release on rising
Old Faithful photo
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Geyser Eruption Geyser eruption stages
Wells Wells after drawdown
6
Artesian wells Ogallala supported agriculture
Ogallala Aquifer
• Exploited in Great Plains agriculture
• Water table dropped
• Recharge rate low
San Joaquin Valley subsidence
Not able torecover dueto aquifercompaction
Groundwater purification Groundwater purification
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Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination Landfill leachate contamination
Drinking Water Standards Parts per million
• 1 g water is 1 mL• 1000 mL = 1 L• 1 L = 1000 g• 1000 mg = 1 g
• mg/L is parts per million
gmg
gmL
mLL
Lmg
100015
11
10001
115
=⋅⋅
ppmmg
gg
mg 15000,000,1
151000
1100015
==⋅
Primary sewage treatmentSecondary sewage treatment
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Sewage treatment Carlsbad Caverns
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Arecibo, Puerto Rico: Radio Telescope in Sinkhole
Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri
Karst towering buttes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshuo
Thailand Karst Towers
http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Gillespie.htm
Thompson Research Vessel
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Polar views of Earth Distribution of Land and Water
Diagram of land/water by latitude World map showing land/water distribution
Progress in research vessels HMS Challenger
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Kilo Moana Sonar process—single beam
Sonar process—multibeam and sidescan Sea-floor landforms—California
Seismic data and interpretationSatellite Altimeter
12
Atlantic oceanic ridge Passive continental
Margin—cross section
Pacific and Indian Ocean Floor
H:\ES106\PowerPoint\AN12_001.mov
Atlantic Ocean Floor
Plankton Marine Sediment distribution
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Collection of sea-floor
sediment cores
Offshore oil platform
Methane Hydrate sampleMethane Hydrate burning
Salt production Manganese Nodules
Earth Day Celebration at the Oregon GardenSaturday, April 21
• 10 am - 4 pmCost: FreeFree admission to The Oregon Garden and to all Earth Day exhibits, lectures, and performances.Location: all areas of The Oregon Garden, Cascade Hwy, Silverton ORContact: Renee Stoops, SPROutCoordinator, 503-584-7252
• This year’s theme is “Sustainable Agriculture ”, highlighting the roles of composting, recycling, renewable energy, energy conservation, sustainable plants, and soil and water resources in the farm, garden, or backyard landscape. For an expanded Discussion of the Theme, please see the website
http://www.oregongarden.org/SPROUT/SPROut_Events.html#earthday