Transcript of Water auditing
- 1. BYAWANISH SHUKLA
- 2. WATER ISSUES IN INDIA None of the 35 Indian cities with a
population of more than one million distribute water for more than
a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure.
Owing to inadequate pressure people struggle to collect water even
when it is available. According to the WORLD BANK, none have
performance indicators that compare with average international
standards. A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank showed no
city had continuous supply.
- 3. THREAT Every 2 out of 3 people will be living with water
shortages by 2025. With the growth of demand and decline in fresh
water availability and the adverse health effect from poor water
quality, scarcity will result in violence and water wars.
- 4. Imagine we paying the same amount for water and milk.
- 5. DIAGONOSIS --BEFORE SOLUTION; DIAGNOSE TO DIAGNOSE .WATER
AUDITING
- 6. WHAT IS WATER AUDITING Water Audit of a water supply scheme
can be defined as the assessment of the capacity of total water
produced by the Water Supply Authority and the actual quantity of
water distributed throughout the area of service of the Authority,
thus leading to an estimation of the losses.
- 7. BENEFITS.. Improved knowledge and documentation of the
distribution system including problem and risk areas. It also
becomes a valuable tool to manage resources, by getting a better
understanding of what is happening to the water after it leaves the
treatment plant. Leak detection programs are effective ways to
minimize leakage and to fix small problems before they become major
ones.
- 8. Pressure management to reduce volumes of loss and frequently
of new leaks. Level control to reduce overflows from storage.
Corrosion control to reduce frequency of new leaks Main replacement
Main Rehabilitation Service replacement
- 9. BASIS OF WATER AUDITING It is based on the Continuity
Equation INCOMING = OUTGOING Water Balance Equation:- System input
volume:- the annual volume input to a transmission and/or a
distribution system, including water exported to other supply
systems. SIV = [Actual consumption] + [ Losses ]
- 10. Water accounted Residential Commercial Industrial
Institutional Special consumption + Operational consumption
- 11. Waterunacco unted Loss of water Overflow Leakage Meteri ng
errors Illegal consum -ption Waste Macrometering errors
Micro-metering errors (House connection meters) Estima -tion
errors
- 12. Water balance Water Exported Own System Sources Input
Billed Water Exported Authorised Consumption Water Supplied (allow
Water for Imported known errors) Billed Authorised Consumption
Revenue Water Billed Metered Consumption Billed Unmetered
Consumption Unbilled Authorised Consumption Apparent Losses Water
Losses Real Losses NonRevenue Water Unbilled Metered Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption Unauthorised Consumption Customer
Metering Inaccuracies Leakage on Mains Leakage and Overflows at
Storages Leakage on Service Connections upto point of Customer
Metering
- 13. BIGGEST QUEST.. How losses can be estimated
practically
- 14. TYPES OF LOSSES LOSSES APPARENT REAL
- 15. APPARENT LOSSES Apparent losses are the non-physical losses
that occur in utility operations due to customer meter
inaccuracies, systematic data handling errors in customer billing
systems and unauthorized consumption. In other words, this is water
that is consumed but is not properly measured, accounted or paid
for. These losses cost utilities revenue and distort data on
customer consumption patterns.
- 16. REAL LOSSES Real losses are the physical losses of water
from the distribution system, including leakage and storage
overflows. These losses inflate the water utility's production
costs and stress water resources since they represent water that is
extracted and treated, yet never reaches beneficial use.
- 17. Control of Real losses Leak detection to locate non-visible
leakage Increased response to visible reported leakage to reduce
annual loss volumes. Zoning to identity volumes of loss in a
continuing and efficient manner Pressure management to reduce
volumes of loss and frequently of new leaks. Level control to
reduce overflows from storage. Corrosion control to reduce
frequency of new leaks Main replacement Main Rehabilitation Service
replacement
- 18. METHODS OF ACCOUNTING NIGHT FLOW ANALYSIS TOP DOWN METHOD
OTHERS
- 19. NIGHT FLOW ANALYSIS METHOD Measures inflow at night to
individual sectors. Take away estimates of night consumption. What
remains is background (undetectable) leakage. Here we get the
actual real losses.
- 20. Approach of top and down method Top Down WIS (Water into
the System) WB (Water Build) = X X = a+b+c+d. a = Leakage
(Estimated starting level) b = Metering Errors (Estimated starting
level) c = Legally supplied but not billed or accounted for d =
Unauthorised Connections
- 21. HOW IT IS DONE How much water is being lost? Where it is
lost? Why it is lost? What remedial measures can be done?
- 22. AUDIT PROCESS Measurements Implementation Calculations
Planning and process finalization Audit observations Zeroing in on
conservation steps that can be taken Discussions Report
- 23. FIRST STEPS- MEASUREMENTS DRAW A WATER FLOW CHART Supply
Underground Sump Overhead Tank Washing W1 W2 Wn Toilets T1 T2 Tn
Sewage Gardening G1 G2 Gn Drinking D1 D2 Dn
- 24. CASE STUDY: SRKNEC, NAGPUR UTILITY: Locating the sourcers,
resevoirs and the network system. Calculating the total incoming
water from the water bills of the college, of past 1 year. Since
because of continous water recharge and lack of metering system, it
became difficult to analyze the actual daily consumption. So, we
used the NBC and CPHEEO norms to calculate the per day water
usage.
- 25. Calculations After averaging the total water that is billed
per month we found that 7327330 litres is used. (Rs 20 per unit and
1 unit = 1000 litres). And after using the norms that is 135 lpcd
for resedential and 45 lpcd for public or office buildingds and
working out the worst possible condition, we came to a conclusion
that we use around 5267000 litres of water. That shows that around
206000 liters of water is incurred as losses and wastages. Water
Balance Equation : inflow-outflow=losses
- 26. This shows that 28.12% of incoming water is incurred as
wastage or losses. 15000000 litres of water extra (more than what
the code suggests) is being wasted on gardening and other purposes.
Therefore we were interested if we recycle the same 1500000 litres
of water from the grey water that our system produces. Would it be
feasible?
- 27. Recycling the grey water Now as per NMC water tax
consideration we are liable to pay Rs 20 per 1000 litres. We found
(after taking into considerations the mathematics of present cost
of annuity, depreciation, maintenance and operation costs for 10
yrs to recycle) that it would only take Rs 14 per 1000 lts for the
recycled water against fresh water for washing and gardening
purposes.
- 28. Benefit We could save about Rs 4.6 lacs approximately in 10
yrs if we went for recycling grey water. Hence we say that in-house
recycling of grey water and using it for gardening and other
washing purposes we save both, water as well as funds.
- 29. Water usage breakdown as mentioned in Codes DESCRIPTION NBC
(lpcd) CPHEEO (lpcd) Bathing 55 20 Washing of Clothes 20 25
Flushing of WC 30 40 Washing of house 10 - Washing of utensils 10
20 Drinking 5 3 Cooking 5 4 Gardening - 23 45 lpcd is required for
day schools/offices Gardening and lawn sprinkling 2 to 3 litres/sq
m/day
- 30. CONCLUSION We understood the water issues. We also
understood water auditing is a very useful tool to find out the
loop holes in a water distribution system. Through the field
exercises in our college premises we understood the processes ,
problems and all the requirements to carry out a water audit. We
understood the working of the water auditing software. Recycling
and reusing of water was proven beneficial. It reduces the cost
upto 30%-40% and water wastages are taken care of.
- 31. Ultimately the availability of water in not the actual
problem. But efficient management of water is the major issue that
we need to work on. And for this efficient management we have the
best tool :WATER AUDITING.
- 32. Local to Global Water Auditing is a process which can serve
the entire world effectively. Water Auditing has now become an
essential part in worlds megacities. So, if it can be easily
applied at local level, it does not stop us to use this tool at a
global level. The process for the global level remains the same vis
a vis local level. The only change is the quantity of data.
- 33. THANK YOU