Transcript of Warm-Up In each of the following groups, which organism does not belong? A.Horse, fish, dog, human...
- Slide 1
- Warm-Up In each of the following groups, which organism does
not belong? A.Horse, fish, dog, human B.Canary, parrot, penguin,
snail C.Fish, shark, dolphin, eel D.Snake, turtle, rabbit,
iguana
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- Warm-Up In the previous examples, was there always only one
right way to group and classify the organisms? Why or why not?
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- Taxonomy & Classification Wake County Biology Curriculum
wikimedia.org
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- 4 Essential Standard 3.5.1 Explain the historical development
and changing nature of classification systems. 3.5.2 Analyze the
classification of organisms according to their evolutionary
relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic
trees)
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- How do we classify organisms? How do we figure out what is
related to what? The world is filled with millions of different
organisms To study how they relate to one another, we need to name
them and organize them into groups Organisms used to be sorted by
physical similarities
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- But, close relationships are not always evident using physical
appearance. You would think that the American Vulture is closely
related to the African Vulture. wikimedia.org But its not! The
American vulture is more closely related to the stork. Weird,
right?
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- : Phylogeny Now that we know and understand DNA, we have been
able to compare species and identify organisms that are closely
related by using DNA, and not just by physical similarities.
Evolutionary Classification
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- A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows how species are
related to each other through common ancestors.
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- Dr. Jessica Theodor The first phylogenetic trees were based on
body shape and structure...
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- Dr. Jessica Theodor but they have changed due to our
understanding of DNA and evolutionary relationships.
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- artsci.wustl.edu
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- BABOON More closely related Most closely related More closely
related Least relationship
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- biology.unm.edu Phylogenetic Tree of Life
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- Cladograms A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary
relationships among a group of organisms and their derived
characters (It looks like a phylogenetic tree, but it has physical
characteristics attached to it).
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- Cladograms Derived characters are traits that show up later in
the cladogram Cladistics: tracing the derived characters that are
shared amongst organisms
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- schoolworkhelper.net Where would live birth or placentas
appear? At which point on the cladogram do these organisms develop
the derived characteristic of four limbs?
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- schoolworkhelper.net Where would live birth or placentas
appear? At which point on the cladogram do these organisms develop
the derived characteristic of four limbs?
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- schoolworkhelper.net Where would live birth or placentas
appear? At which point on the cladogram do these organisms develop
characteristics of mammals?
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- schoolworkhelper.net Where would live birth or placentas
appear? At which point on the cladogram do these organisms develop
characteristics of mammals?
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- Point at which whale ancestors become aquatic again.
www.classhelp.info
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- Whats another derived character that we could add to this
cladogram?
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- www.answersingenesis.org For example, in historic Homo sapiens
cladograms, Neanderthals have been both ancestors and cousins
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- www.answers.com New info can change the cladogram: more recent
cladograms & phylogenetic studies show Neanderthal as a
cousin
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- Taxonomy & Classification Wake County Biology Curriculum
wikimedia.org
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- How do you identify relationships? wikipedia.org Mountain
LionLeopardLion Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia
Order- Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus- Panthera Species- pardus
Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order-
Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus- Puma Species- concolor Kingdom-
Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family
- Felidae Genus- Panthera Species- leo Which two are more closely
related? Which are the least related?
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- How do you identify relationships? wikipedia.org Mountain
LionLeopardLion Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia
Order- Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus- Panthera Species- pardus
Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order-
Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus- Puma Species- concolor Kingdom-
Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family
- Felidae Genus- Panthera Species- leo Which two are more closely
related? Which are the least related?
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- How do we identify different or unknown related organisms? A
tool known as a dichotomous key is used to identify different
species of related organisms.
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- Dichotomous Key
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- Each step gives you new choices to help identify the
organism
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- www.statesymbolsusa.org What tree is this?
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- www.schools.utah.gov
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- www.statesymbolsusa.org
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- www.schools.utah.gov
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- www.statesymbolsusa.org
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- www.schools.utah.gov
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- www.statesymbolsusa.org
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- www.schools.utah.gov
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- www.statesymbolsusa.org Blue Spruce
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- Taxonomy & Classification Wake County Biology Curriculum
wikimedia.org
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- wikipedia.org Grizzly BearPolar BearPanda Bear Kingdom-
Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family
- Ursidae Genus- Ursus Species- maritimus Kingdom- Animalia Phylum-
Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Ursidae Genus-
Ursus Species- arctos Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class -
Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Ursidae Genus- Ailuropoda
Species- melanoleuca Which two are more closely related? Which is
the least related? Warm Up
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- 41 Essential Standard 3.5.1 Explain the historical development
and changing nature of classification systems. 3.5.2 Analyze the
classification of organisms according to their evolutionary
relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic
trees)
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- Taxonomy & Classification The world is filled with millions
of different organisms To study how they interact and how they are
related, we need to name them and organize them into groups This
grouping and naming process is called taxonomy or
classification
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- How do we classify living things? The first recorded attempt at
classification was by Aristotle, who attempted to classify all the
kinds of animals in his History of Animals ( Historia Animalium in
Latin). Historia Animalium He grouped the types of creatures
according to their similarities: animals with blood/animals without
blood, and animals that live in water and animals that live on
land
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- Classification of Living things Think back to the grouping
activities that weve done recently: is there more than one way to
sort or classify a group of living things?
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- Early Attempts of Classification Using Common Names A big
problem was that some organisms had different names depending on
the region: A puma, mountain lion, cougar, and a panther are all
the same species, but they have different names depending on the
region In the UK, buzzard means hawk. In the US, buzzard means
vulture
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- Classification of Living things Aristotle came up with another
innovation: a binomial naming system "Binomial" means "two names,"
and according to this system each kind of organism can be defined
by the two names of its "genus and difference. His system wasnt
perfect, however
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- Carolus Linnaeus www.entomologia.org (1707 1778) (1707 1778)
Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist Swedish botanist,
physician, and zoologist Laid the foundations for the modern scheme
of binomial nomenclature Laid the foundations for the modern scheme
of binomial nomenclature Known as the father of modern taxonomy
Known as the father of modern taxonomy
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- Two-word naming system First word is Capitalized, the second
isnt Always written in italics Genus, then species Example: white
oak is Quercus alba employees.csbsju.edu Carolus Linnaeus Binomial
Nomenclature &
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- Carolus Linnaeus Taxon: a group or level of organization
Linnaeus came up with a 7 taxon system that contained all organisms
www.goldiesroom.org Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species Biggest/BroadestSmallest/Specific
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- Kingdom = Phylum = Class = Order = Family = Genus = Species =
Kings Play Chess On Fridays Generally Speaking How will I remember
that? = __________
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- More KPCOFGS acronyms King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup/Good Spaghetti Kings Play
Chess on Fine Gold Sets Kids Playing Chicken on Freeways Get
Smashed Keep Pots Clean or Family Gets Sick Kids Prefer Cheese Over
Fried Green Spinach You can also make up your own!
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- Kingdom = Phylum = Class = Order = Family = Genus = Species =
King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain How will I remember that? =
__________
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- Kingdoms There are six kingdoms: www.cartage.org.lb A grizzly
bear belongs to the Kingdom Animalia
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- Each Kingdom is divided into groups called Phyla Grizzly bears
are in the phylum Chordata which means it has a backbone. Phylum
Class Each Phylum is divided into groups called Classes Grizzly
bears are in the class Mammalia, which means mammal
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- www.missmaggie.org
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- Each Class is divided into groups called Orders. Grizzly bears
belong to the Order Carnivora, which means carnivores Order Family
Each Order is divided into groups called Families. Grizzly bears
are in the family Ursidae, which means bear-like animals
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- bioweb.uwlax.edu
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- Each Family is divided into groups called Genera (plural for
genus) Grizzly bears belong to the Genus Ursus, which means true
bear Genus Species The Genus is divided into all the individual
species this is the most specific taxon. Grizzly bears belong to
the species arctos Therefore, the binomial nomenclature for the
grizzly bear is Ursus arctos
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- www.hickerphoto.com Ursus arctos Grizzly bear
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- History of the Kingdoms 1700s two kingdoms: Plant and Animal
Late 1800s three kingdoms: Plant, Animal, Protists 1950s Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal 1990s Eubacteria,
Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal 6 KINGDOMS!
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- Kingdom #1: Archaebacteria Unicellular prokaryotes The simplest
life form, the smallest genome Can live in the most extreme
environments Some are thermophiles --- why scientists now believe
that life first evolved at deep ocean volcanic vents. Cell walls do
not have peptidoglycan
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- Kingdom #2: Eubacteria Unicellular prokaryotes Live in
ecologically diverse environments Can be free-living in natural
surroundings Some can be deadly or cause disease Some
photosynthesize Some need oxygen, others are killed by it Thick,
rigid cell walls that have peptidoglycan
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- Kingdom #3: Protista Eukaryotes Most diverse kingdom Mostly
unicellular but some are multicellular Some photosynthesize but
some are heterotrophic, some are plant-like and some are
animal-like. Ex. algae, amoebas, slime molds, protists, blue-green
algae, paramecium
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- Kingdom #4 Fungi Eukaryotes Decomposers - most feed on dead or
decaying organic matter Secrete digestive enzymes into their food
source and then absorb the nutrients Cell walls with chitin Can be
parasitic (ex. athletes foot) Multicellular (ex. mushrooms) and
single- celled (ex. yeasts)
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- Kingdom #5 Plantae: Eukaryotes Multicellular Photosynthetic
autotrophs Chlorophyll Cell walls contain cellulose Ex. mosses,
ferns, flowers, trees
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- Kingdom #6 Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs No
cell walls Many are motile Ex. sponges, worms, insects,
vertebrates
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- Domains 1. Eukarya Kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista
2. Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria 3. Archea Kingdom Archaebacteria
Larger than Kingdoms !
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- Domain = Kingdom = Phylum = Class = Order = Family = Genus =
Species = Dorky Kings Play Chess On Fridays Generally Speaking How
will I remember that NOW? = __________
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- Todays Three Domain System: Eukarya contains protists, fungi,
plants, and animals Bacteria contains cyanobacteria (which can
photosynthesize) and heterotrophic bacteria Archae contains
archaebacteria, the most primitive, including thermophiles (heat
loving) and halophiles (salt loving); live in extreme
environments
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- Three Domains