Warm-Up In each of the following groups, which organism does not belong? A.Horse, fish, dog, human...

Warm-Up In each of the following groups, which organism does not belong? A.Horse, fish, dog, human B.Canary, parrot, penguin, snail C.Fish, shark, dolphin, eel D.Snake, turtle, rabbit, iguana

Warm-Up In the previous examples, was there always only one right way to group and classify the organisms? Why or why not?

Taxonomy & Classification Wake County Biology Curriculum wikimedia.org

4 Essential Standard 3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems. 3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees)

How do we classify organisms? How do we figure out what is related to what? The world is filled with millions of different organisms To study how they relate to one another, we need to name them and organize them into groups Organisms used to be sorted by physical similarities

But, close relationships are not always evident using physical appearance. You would think that the American Vulture is closely related to the African Vulture. wikimedia.org But its not! The American vulture is more closely related to the stork. Weird, right?

: Phylogeny Now that we know and understand DNA, we have been able to compare species and identify organisms that are closely related by using DNA, and not just by physical similarities. Evolutionary Classification

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows how species are related to each other through common ancestors.

Dr. Jessica Theodor The first phylogenetic trees were based on body shape and structure...

Dr. Jessica Theodor but they have changed due to our understanding of DNA and evolutionary relationships.

artsci.wustl.edu

BABOON More closely related Most closely related More closely related Least relationship

biology.unm.edu Phylogenetic Tree of Life

Cladograms A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms and their derived characters (It looks like a phylogenetic tree, but it has physical characteristics attached to it).

Cladograms Derived characters are traits that show up later in the cladogram Cladistics: tracing the derived characters that are shared amongst organisms

schoolworkhelper.net Where would live birth or placentas appear? At which point on the cladogram do these organisms develop the derived characteristic of four limbs?

schoolworkhelper.net Where would live birth or placentas appear? At which point on the cladogram do these organisms develop characteristics of mammals?

Point at which whale ancestors become aquatic again. www.classhelp.info

Whats another derived character that we could add to this cladogram?

www.answersingenesis.org For example, in historic Homo sapiens cladograms, Neanderthals have been both ancestors and cousins

www.answers.com New info can change the cladogram: more recent cladograms & phylogenetic studies show Neanderthal as a cousin

How do you identify relationships? wikipedia.org Mountain LionLeopardLion Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus- Panthera Species- pardus Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus- Puma Species- concolor Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus- Panthera Species- leo Which two are more closely related? Which are the least related?

How do we identify different or unknown related organisms? A tool known as a dichotomous key is used to identify different species of related organisms.

Dichotomous Key

Each step gives you new choices to help identify the organism

www.statesymbolsusa.org What tree is this?

www.schools.utah.gov

www.statesymbolsusa.org

www.statesymbolsusa.org Blue Spruce

wikipedia.org Grizzly BearPolar BearPanda Bear Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Ursidae Genus- Ursus Species- maritimus Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Ursidae Genus- Ursus Species- arctos Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family - Ursidae Genus- Ailuropoda Species- melanoleuca Which two are more closely related? Which is the least related? Warm Up

41 Essential Standard 3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems. 3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees)

Taxonomy & Classification The world is filled with millions of different organisms To study how they interact and how they are related, we need to name them and organize them into groups This grouping and naming process is called taxonomy or classification

How do we classify living things? The first recorded attempt at classification was by Aristotle, who attempted to classify all the kinds of animals in his History of Animals ( Historia Animalium in Latin). Historia Animalium He grouped the types of creatures according to their similarities: animals with blood/animals without blood, and animals that live in water and animals that live on land

Classification of Living things Think back to the grouping activities that weve done recently: is there more than one way to sort or classify a group of living things?

Early Attempts of Classification Using Common Names A big problem was that some organisms had different names depending on the region: A puma, mountain lion, cougar, and a panther are all the same species, but they have different names depending on the region In the UK, buzzard means hawk. In the US, buzzard means vulture

Classification of Living things Aristotle came up with another innovation: a binomial naming system "Binomial" means "two names," and according to this system each kind of organism can be defined by the two names of its "genus and difference. His system wasnt perfect, however

Carolus Linnaeus www.entomologia.org (1707 1778) (1707 1778) Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist Laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature Laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature Known as the father of modern taxonomy Known as the father of modern taxonomy

Two-word naming system First word is Capitalized, the second isnt Always written in italics Genus, then species Example: white oak is Quercus alba employees.csbsju.edu Carolus Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature &

Carolus Linnaeus Taxon: a group or level of organization Linnaeus came up with a 7 taxon system that contained all organisms www.goldiesroom.org Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Biggest/BroadestSmallest/Specific

Kingdom = Phylum = Class = Order = Family = Genus = Species = Kings Play Chess On Fridays Generally Speaking How will I remember that? = __________

More KPCOFGS acronyms King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup/Good Spaghetti Kings Play Chess on Fine Gold Sets Kids Playing Chicken on Freeways Get Smashed Keep Pots Clean or Family Gets Sick Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach You can also make up your own!

Kingdom = Phylum = Class = Order = Family = Genus = Species = King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain How will I remember that? = __________

Kingdoms There are six kingdoms: www.cartage.org.lb A grizzly bear belongs to the Kingdom Animalia

Each Kingdom is divided into groups called Phyla Grizzly bears are in the phylum Chordata which means it has a backbone. Phylum Class Each Phylum is divided into groups called Classes Grizzly bears are in the class Mammalia, which means mammal

www.missmaggie.org

Each Class is divided into groups called Orders. Grizzly bears belong to the Order Carnivora, which means carnivores Order Family Each Order is divided into groups called Families. Grizzly bears are in the family Ursidae, which means bear-like animals

bioweb.uwlax.edu

Each Family is divided into groups called Genera (plural for genus) Grizzly bears belong to the Genus Ursus, which means true bear Genus Species The Genus is divided into all the individual species this is the most specific taxon. Grizzly bears belong to the species arctos Therefore, the binomial nomenclature for the grizzly bear is Ursus arctos

www.hickerphoto.com Ursus arctos Grizzly bear

History of the Kingdoms 1700s two kingdoms: Plant and Animal Late 1800s three kingdoms: Plant, Animal, Protists 1950s Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal 1990s Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal 6 KINGDOMS!

Kingdom #1: Archaebacteria Unicellular prokaryotes The simplest life form, the smallest genome Can live in the most extreme environments Some are thermophiles --- why scientists now believe that life first evolved at deep ocean volcanic vents. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan

Kingdom #2: Eubacteria Unicellular prokaryotes Live in ecologically diverse environments Can be free-living in natural surroundings Some can be deadly or cause disease Some photosynthesize Some need oxygen, others are killed by it Thick, rigid cell walls that have peptidoglycan

Kingdom #3: Protista Eukaryotes Most diverse kingdom Mostly unicellular but some are multicellular Some photosynthesize but some are heterotrophic, some are plant-like and some are animal-like. Ex. algae, amoebas, slime molds, protists, blue-green algae, paramecium

Kingdom #4 Fungi Eukaryotes Decomposers - most feed on dead or decaying organic matter Secrete digestive enzymes into their food source and then absorb the nutrients Cell walls with chitin Can be parasitic (ex. athletes foot) Multicellular (ex. mushrooms) and single- celled (ex. yeasts)

Kingdom #5 Plantae: Eukaryotes Multicellular Photosynthetic autotrophs Chlorophyll Cell walls contain cellulose Ex. mosses, ferns, flowers, trees

Kingdom #6 Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs No cell walls Many are motile Ex. sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates

Domains 1. Eukarya Kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista 2. Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria 3. Archea Kingdom Archaebacteria Larger than Kingdoms !

Domain = Kingdom = Phylum = Class = Order = Family = Genus = Species = Dorky Kings Play Chess On Fridays Generally Speaking How will I remember that NOW? = __________

Todays Three Domain System: Eukarya contains protists, fungi, plants, and animals Bacteria contains cyanobacteria (which can photosynthesize) and heterotrophic bacteria Archae contains archaebacteria, the most primitive, including thermophiles (heat loving) and halophiles (salt loving); live in extreme environments

Three Domains

Warm-Up In each of the following groups, which organism does not belong? A.Horse, fish, dog, human...

Documents

Transcript of Warm-Up In each of the following groups, which organism does not belong? A.Horse, fish, dog, human...