Warm-up 8/27/13• Thinking back on yesterday, why

do you think that the residents of Salem leap to witch craft instead of following Rebecca Nurse’s advice?

• What could Miller be suggesting about human nature? Why do we often choose to ignore the “voice of reason”?

• Have out your journals for stamps!

Pathos: The Power of Loaded Language

Aristotle's Three Appeals• Ethos- appealing to an audience through

highlighting your credibility.

• Logos- appealing to an audience through the logic of your argument.

• Pathos- appealing to an audience through accessing their values and emotions.

• Today, we will focus on pathos, the primary appeal used by the girls in the Salem Witch Trials.

Loaded Language: a Piece of Pathos

• language that attempts to persuade the speaker’s audience through appealing to their emotions.

• Loaded language is only effective if the speaker understands how to manipulate the values and emotions of the audience.

Loaded Language: Where does the “load” from from?

• Strong positive or negative connotations in carefully chosen words

• Weighty Symbols• Powerful Imagery • Metaphors and Similes• These words and phrases are

“loaded” to evoke emotional responses beyond those of their literal meanings.

How to Unpack the Load: P.A.C.S.

• Purpose: what is the speaker’s purpose? What motivates him/her to speak?

• Audience: who is the speaker talking to (or target audience), and what does this audience value/care about that the speaker is targeting?

• Connotations: underline words that have strong positive/negative connotation. Write a + or – above them. Why is the speaker using these words with these particular connotations? (What is the effect on the audience?)

• See: visualize the text. How does the imagery or figurative language contribute to the audience’s understanding of the speaker’s message?

Watch the following commercials, analyzing it using PACS.

Remember PACS: Purpose? Audience? Connotations? See? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eXfvRcllV8• ASPCA Commercial (Sarah Mclachlan)• ASPCA (Sarah McLachlan): Connotations/Images: music

is super emotional, romantic, loving– Images of neglected/abused animals getting help/love, Sarah

w/her dog• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asnbU7m-z5o• PURINA: Purpose/Audience: to link pets to family

– we, the American audience, value our dogs (family) and want to provide them with only the best.

Modeling P.A.C.S. on The Crucible A

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er • “I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face and yours, Danforth! For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as you quail now when you know in all your black hearts that this be a fraud- God damns our kind especially, and we will burn, we will burn together!”

Discussion: • Why do the girls rely on pathos/loaded

language during their appeals in the trials? • Why don’t they utilize any other appeal, like

logos (logic) or ethos (their credibility)?

Background on Jonathan Edwards

• Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan minister during the First Great Awakening.

• Edwards is most famous for his theological writings and passionate Revival Camp speeches

• The following speech, which is considered the greatest “Hell Fire and Brimstone” sermon of all time, is still read by Evangelical Christians today.

Guest Speaker: Jonathan Edwards

“Sinners at the Hands of an Angry God”

Sinners Activity

• With a partner, choose one particularly persuasive, vivid quotation that uses loaded language from Edwards’s sermon and complete a P.A.C.S. analysis of the quotation.

• Create an illustration for the quotation that utilizes the entire page. Your illustration must detailed, neatly arranged, and the quotation must be written on the same page.

Housekeeping

• Grammar Comma 1 and 2 Grades• Writing Folders

Grammar 2 Review

• Compound, or not? (In other words, need a comma?)• Ms. Bohls goes through a quart of ice cream a week and

prefers “Moose Tracks” to almost any other flavor • Ms. Bohls loves live music and her hometown is full of it. • Ms. Bohls needed to sleep but she was too excited about

Jonathan Edwards’s visit to sleep.

What is the difference between an Appositive and a Non-Restrictive Clause?

• Our speaker, Jonathan Edwards, put a fear of Hell in our hearts.

• Appositive: a word or phrase that follows a noun/pronoun (he, she, they) that means the exact same thing.

• Puritans, who are driven by fear of God, live very repressed lives.

• Non-restrictive: a clause set off by commas that does not contain information essential to the sentence

Appositive or Non-restrictive Clause?

• Alex, seasoned speed reader, read The Crucible in a single night.

• The frightened young girl, Mary Warren, nearly fainted in front of Danforth.

• The “Court Officials, who are all just young girls, accused dozens of Salemites of being witches.

Danforth to Proctor about Bringing Mary Warren to Testify Against the Trials

• “Now, Mr. Proctor, before I decide whether I shall hear you or not, it is my duty to tell you this. We burn a hot fire here; it melts down all concealment” (93).

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• “But you must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court, or he be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time—we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world.” (98)

“…we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by God’s grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it. I hope you will be one of those” (98).

Danforth

Hale tries to tell Danforth that the Salemites Fear the Courts

• Hale: “We cannot blink it more. There is a prodigious fear of the court in this country—“

• Danforth: “Then there is a prodigious guilt in the country… Reproach me not with fear in the country; there is fear in the country because there is a moving plot to topple Christ in the country!” (102- 103)

Act III: Visual Journals

• With a partner, choose one particularly persuasive, vivid quotation from Act III that uses loaded language.

• Perform a P.A.C.S. analysis of the quotation.• Create an illustration for the quote that

utilizes the entire back page of the P.A.C.S. paper.