Post on 11-Aug-2020
Clonal&variability&in&response&to&drought&on&Hevea%brasiliensis%Müll.Arg.!
Wanploy&Jinagool&May&12th,&2014&
Gene@c& variability& in& drought& tolerance& of& agronomic&interest&trees:&the&role&of&vulnerability&to&xylem&cavita@on&
Objec@ves&
• To!analyze!gene,c!variability!in!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!on!intra4specific!level!of!agronomic!interest!trees!
• To!inves,gate!tree!responses!to!drought!stress!
Interested&tree&species&
• Walnut!trees:!6!cul,vars!of!Juglans(regia(and!6!hybrids!(J.(regia(x!J.(nigra)!• Apple!trees:!5!genotypes,!descendants!of!‘Starkrimson’!x!‘Granny!Smith’!• Rubber!trees:!10!clones!H.(brasiliensis!!
Rubber&tree&(Hevea%brasiliensis&Müll.Arg.)&
RRIT,!2011!
Source!of!natural!rubber!
Cul,vated!clone:!RRIM!600!(≈!80%)!
Suitable!clima,c!condi,ons!for!produc,on!
• ≥!1,250!mm!of!annual!rainfall!
• 120!–!150!annual!rainy!days,!less!than!4!
months!of!dry!period!
• Temperature!26!–!30!˚C!
Total!cul,vated!area!≈!29,538!km2!!(17%!of!Thailand!total!area)!
Drought&tolerance&selec@on?&
Effects&of&drought&stress&on&NR&produc@on&
• Reduc,on!in!growth!and!prolong!immature!period!(Manmeun!et!al,!1993)!
• Reduce!latex!produc,on!(Wichichonchai!&!Manmeun,!1992)!
Increasing&risk&from&drought&stress&
• Northward!expansion!into!drought4prone!areas!• Single!clone!occupied!≈!80%!of!cul,vated!areas!
Objec@ves&of&the&study&
1!• To!inves,gate!the!gene,c!variability!in!xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!
2!• To!inves,gate!plant!responses!to!drought!stress!
Plant&materials&
!Nong!Khai!
• Current!year!branches!• From!142!years!old!trees!• Full!sun!exposed!branches!
Studies&of&variability&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&
BPM24! RRII105!
PB217! RRII118!
PB235! RRIM600!
PB260! RRIT251!
PB5/51! RRIT408!
Surat!Thani!
Khon!Kaen!
Average!annual!rainfall:!!• !Khon!Kaen!:!1,00041,200!mm!• !Nong!Khai!:!1,40041,600!mm!!• !Surat!Thani:!2,800!43,200!mm!
Plant&materials&
Studies&of&plant&responses&to&water&deficit&of&10&rubber&clones&
• !1!year!old!trees!(6!trees/clone)!
• Planted!in!0.93!m3!pots!with!sandy!loam!soil!from!Mekong!river!
• Trees!received!water!twice!a!week!(30!l/watering/tree)!
• Slightly!differences!in!tree!height!and!leaf!traits!were!observed!between!clones!
• Drought!stress!(completely!stop!watering)!was!applied!to!T4trees!during!Dec.!7,!2012!–!Feb.!23,!2013!(11!weeks)!
Diversity&of&30&Wickham&rubber&clones,&based&on&7µsatellite&markers&(Darwin,!Cirad!sofware!for!gene,c!diversity!assessment)!RRIT408!is!not!presented.! Num Clone
1 AVROS20372 BPM24A3 BPM24B4 GT15 Harbel16 Nab177 OY18 PB2179 PB23510 PB26011 PB28/5912 PB28013 PB5/5114 PB8615 PR10716 PR25517 PR26118 Reyan88D1319 RRIC10020 RRIC10321 RRIC12122 RRII10523 RRII11824 RRIM60025 RRIM61226 RRIM70327 RRIV128 TJIR129 Yunyan77D230 RRIT251
v!
v!
v!
v!
v!
v!
v!
v!
André!CLEMENT4DEMANGE,!CIRAD!Montpellier!
Plant&materials&
Methods&Measured¶meters& Tools&
Stomatal!conductance!(gs)!• !Calcula,on!for!gs/gs(max(gs!=!ini,al!value!measured!on!T!trees!gs(max(=!mean!value!calculated!from!C!trees!for!each!clone!• !Calcula,on!for!gs(50!
Portable!porometer!(LI41600)!
Leaf!water!poten,al!(Ψm)! Pressure!chamber!
Loss!in!xylem!conduc,vity!(%,PLC)! Xyl’EM!Embolism!Meter!
Growth!• !Tree!height!and!diameter!• !Number!of!leaves!
Leaf!area!(LA)!• !Es,mate!total!LA!• !Calcula,on!for!rela,ve!shed!LA!(%)!with!mean!of!C!trees!• !Calcula,on!for!LS50(
LI43100C!
Soil!water!content!(SWC)! Soil!weight!
Xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!(P50)! Cavitron!
Results:&varia@on&in&cavita@on&resistance&&Varia@on&between&clones&and&organs&
0&
25&
50&
75&
100&
[3.0& [2.5& [2.0& [1.5& [1.0& [0.5& 0.0&
Xylem&pressure&(MPa)&
RRIT&251&RRIM&600&
0&
25&
50&
75&
100&
RRIT&251&RRIM&600&
PLC&(%
)&A
B
Cavita@on&tolerance&& Clone&& Pe@ole&P50&& Branch&P50%
+&RRIM!600! 41.15!a!(0.06)! 41.86!(0.06)!PB!5/51!! 41.16!a!(0.06)! 41.87!(0.05)!!
++&
PB!235! 41.28!ab!(0.11)! 41.88!(0.07)!BPM!24! 41.37!ab!(0.06)! 41.85!(0.20)!PB!260! 41.46!ab!(0.03)! 41.96!(0.08)!RRII!105! 41.49!ab!(0.03)! 42.02!(0.11)!RRIT!408! 41.52!ab!(0.14)! 41.73!(0.14)!PB!217! 41.53!ab!(0.12)! 41.91!(0.04)!RRII!118! 41.55!ab!(0.09)! 41.89!(0.15)!
+++&& RRIT!251! 41.65!b!(0.13)! 41.80!(0.12)!
A:!VC!from!pe,oles!B:(VC!from!branches(
Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval
Results:&varia@on&in&cavita@on&resistance&&Varia@on&between&water&availability&on&planta@on&
0!
25!
50!
75!
100!
43.5! 43.0! 42.5! 42.0! 41.5! 41.0! 40.5!
PLC&(%
)&
Xylem&pressure&(MPa)&
RRIM600!ST! RRIT251!ST!
RRIM600!NK! RRIT251!NK!
RRIM600!KK! RRIT251!KK!43.0!
42.5!
42.0!
41.5!
41.0!
40.5!
0.0!P12& P50& P88&
P&(M
Pa)&
Khon!Kaen!
Nong!Khai!
Surat!Thani!ab
a
b
Average!annual!rainfall:!!• !Khon!Kaen!:!1,00041,200!mm!• !Nong!Khai!:!1,40041,600!mm!!• !Surat!Thani:!2,800!43,200!mm!
Results:&responses&to&drought&stress&&&Survey&of&SWC&and&water&poten@al&&
0!
5!
10!
15!
20!
25!
30!
0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14!
SWC&(%
)&
BPM24!
PB217!
PB235!
PB260!
PB5/51!
RRII105!
RRII118!
RRIM600!
RRIT!251!
RRIT408!
C!
Drought!
42.5!
42.0!
41.5!
41.0!
40.5!
0.0!
0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14!
Ψmd&(MPa
)&
Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&
aa
ab(ab(
bb
0!
25!
50!
75!
100!
125!
0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!
gs/gsm
ax&(%
)&
a
ab(
b
0!
25!
50!
75!
100!
0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!
PLC&(%
)&
Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&
BPM!24!
PB!217!
PB!235!
PB!260!
PB!5/51!
RRII!105!
RRII!118!
RRIM!600!
RRIT!251!
RRIT!408!
a
ab(
b
0!
25!
50!
75!
100!
0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!
Rela@v
e&shed
&leaf&area&(%
)&
Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&
a(
b(
c(
bc(
a(
b(bc(
bcd(
cd(
d(
Results:&responses&to&drought&stress&&&&Kine@c&in&plant&responses&to&water&deficits&
• gs/gsmax!compared!ini,al!gs!of!T4trees!with!mean!of!C4trees!for!each!clone!
• PLC!measured!on!pe,ole!• Rela,ve!shed!leaf!area!compared!T4trees!and!mean!of!C4trees!for!each!clone
Results:&safety&margin&
Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval
Clone& gs&50% Pe@ole&P12% Pe@ole&safety&margin&BPM!24! 40.61!(0.05)! 40.57!(0.27)! 40.04!(0.22)!PB!217! 40.96!(0.05)! 40.56!(0.09)! 40.40!(0.06)!PB!235! 41.14!(0.08)! 40.41!(0.10)! 40.73!(0.16)!PB!260! 40.91!(0.21)! 40.59!(0.37)! 40.31!(0.58)!PB!5/51! 40.94!(0.06)! 40.19!(0.04)! 40.76!(0.11)!RRII!105! 40.92!(0.08)! 40.72!(0.37)! 40.20!(0.29)!RRII!118! 40.84!(0.17)! 40.64!(0.08)! 40.20!(0.19)!RRIM!600! 40.98!(0.13)! 40.71!(0.19)! 40.27!(0.11)!RRIT!251! 41.35!(0.25)! 40.57!(0.41)! 40.78!(0.35)!RRIT!408! 40.91!(0.10)! 40.52!(0.32)! 40.39!(0.22)!
Clone& LS50% Branch&P12% Branch&safety&margin&BPM!24! 41.30!a(((0.08)! 41.08!(0.02)! 40.23!!a!(0.08)!PB!217! 42.86!b!!(0.08)! 41.17!(0.10)! 41.69!!c!(0.08)!PB!235! 41.68!a!!(0.16)! 41.17!(0.08)! 40.51!!a((0.16)!PB!260! 41.85!a(((0.11)! 41.29!(0.07)! 40.56!!a!(0.11)!PB!5/51! 42.06!ab!(0.17)! 41.14!(0.09)! 40.91!ab!(0.17)!RRII!105! 41.87!a(((0.13)! 41.26!(0.07)! 40.61!!a!(0.13)!RRII!118! 41.68!a(((0.12)! 41.18!(0.11)! 40.50!a!(0.12)!RRIM!600! 41.51!a!!(0.10)! 41.20!(0.09)! 40.31!!a!(0.10)!RRIT!251! 41.62!a!!(0.27)! 41.07!(0.12)! 40.55!!a!(0.27)!RRIT!408! 42.75!b((!0.20)! 41.17!(0.06)! 41.58!bc((0.20)!
Results:&safety&margin&
Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval
Clone& Pe,ole!safety!margin!gs(50(–(P50%
Branch!safety!margin!LS50(–(P50%
BPM!24! 0.77!(0.02)!! 0.54!!a!!(0.08)!RRII!118! 0.57!(0.18)!! 40.95!!c!!(0.08)!RRIT!408! 0.14!(0.04)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.16)!PB!217! 0.55!(0.08)!! 0.11!!a!!(0.11)!RRII!105! 0.22!(0.07)!! 40.18!ab!(0.17)!PB!260! 0.57!(0.02)!! 0.15!!a!!(0.13)!RRIT!251! 0.71!(0.08)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.12)!PB!5/51! 0.17!(0.33)!! 0.35!!a!!(0.10)!RRIM!600! 0.30!(0.20)!! 0.18!!a!!(0.27)!PB!235! 0.61!(0.16)! 41.02!!c!!(0.20)!
Conclusions&
1!
• Gene,c!varia,on!in!cavita,on!resistance!was!found!on!pe,ole!of!H.(brasiliensis!but!not!on!branch.!
• Different! cavita,on! resistance! between! branch! and! pe,ole!sugges,ng!segmenta,on!in!xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on.!
• None/! very! small! acclima,on! in! xylem! vulnerability! to!cavita,on!for!the!species.!
2!
• Cavita,on! resistance! is! not! per,nent! to! select! for! drought!tolerance!clone!in!H.(brasiliensis.!
• Different! in! stomatal! regula,on! and! leaf! shedding! sugges,ng!that!this!species!relies!more!on!drought!avoidance.!!
END&
SUPPLEMENTARY&SLIDES&
Rubber&tree&(Hevea%brasiliensis&Müll.Arg.)&
FAO,!2013!;!RRIT,!2011!
34!841!
20!500!12!000!
6!000!
5!058!
20!241!
Area&harvested&(km2)&
Indonesia!
Thailand!
Malaysia!
China!
Viet!Nam!
Others!
3!500!000!
3!040!400!
970!000!
863!773!
805!000!
2!266!003!
Produc@on&(tonnes)&
Thailand!
Indonesia!
Malaysia!
Viet!Nam!
India!
Others!
2012&
Constrains&for&natural&rubber&produc@on:&&Impacts&of&climate&changes&to&Thailand&
!Increasing!trend!in!annual!precipita,on!
Laung4Aram!et!al.,!2008!!
Increasing!mean!temperature!and!hot!days!
Laung4Aram!et!al.,!2008!!
!Average!annual!maximum!
temperature!(˚C)!
!Average!annual!hot!days!(≥!35˚C)!
Constrains&for&natural&rubber&produc@on:&&Impacts&of&climate&changes&to&Thailand&
Clone& Pe@ole&safety&margin&gs%50%–%P50%
Branch&safety&margin&LS50%–%P50%
BPM!24! 0.77!(0.02)!! 0.54!!a!!(0.08)!RRII!118! 0.57!(0.18)!! 40.95!!c!!(0.08)!RRIT!408! 0.14!(0.04)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.16)!PB!217! 0.55!(0.08)!! 0.11!!a!!(0.11)!RRII!105! 0.22!(0.07)!! 40.18!ab!(0.17)!PB!260! 0.57!(0.02)!! 0.15!!a!!(0.13)!RRIT!251! 0.71!(0.08)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.12)!PB!5/51! 0.17!(0.33)!! 0.35!!a!!(0.10)!RRIM!600! 0.30!(0.20)!! 0.18!!a!!(0.27)!PB!235! 0.61!(0.16)! 41.02!!c!!(0.20)!
Tree&height&before&drought&was&applied&
3.86
3.07
3.87
3.26
3.39
4.08
3.49
4.24
4.16
3.63
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
BPM/24
PB/217
PB/235
PB/260
PB/5/51
RRII/105
RRII/118
RRIM
/600
RRIT/251
RRIT/408
Tree$heigh
t$(m)
a
ab abab ab
abab ab
b b
Leaf&traits&before&drought&was&applied&
0
25
50
75
100
125
Mean%LA
%(cm
2 )a
bc
ababc
bcabc bc
ab
c
abc
0
25
50
75
100
125
BPM24
PB217
PB235
PB260
PB5/51
RRII105
RRII118
RRIM
600
RRIT251
RRIT408
LMA%(g%m
.2) a a a a
ab ab ab abab
c
0.52
0.49
0.49
0.44
0.48
0.48
0.63
0.55
0.52
0.54
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
BPM24
PB21
7
PB23
5
PB26
0
PB5/51
RRII105
RRII118
RRIM
600
RRIT25
1
RRIT40
8
Total&LA&(m
2 )
a aaababab ab ababb
74 71 70 63 69 69 91 78 75 770
25
50
75
100
125
Total&num
ber&of&leaves
a aaab ab ab ab ab ab
b
0
25
50
75
100
125
Mean%LA
%(cm
2 )
a
bc
ababc
bcabc bc
ab
c
abc
0
25
50
75
100
125
BPM24
PB217
PB235
PB260
PB5/51
RRII105
RRII118
RRIM
600
RRIT251
RRIT408
LMA%(g%m
.2) a a a a
ab ab ab abab
c
Results:&Drought&effect&on&RGR&(tree&height)&
0.00!
0.01!
0.02!
0.03!
0.04!
0.05!
0.06!
BPM24!
PB217!
PB235!
PB260!
PB5/51!
RRII105!
RRII118!
RRIM
600!
RRIT251!
RRIT408!
RGR&
C!
T!
• RGR!was!effected!by!drought!stress!• However,!the!different!between!C!&!T!is!small!due!to!trees!were!at!the!end!of!seasonal!growth!
0!1!2!3!4!5!6!
0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!
RRIM600&
T!C! 0!
1!2!3!4!5!6!
0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!
RRIT251&
0!1!2!3!4!5!6!
0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!
PB5/51&
T!C! 0!
1!2!3!4!5!6!
0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!
RRIT408&
Time&from&plan@ng&(months)&
Tree&height&(m)&
Walnut&trees&
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&walnut&trees&
0
25
50
75
100
Ch Fo
Fq Ft
La Se
0
25
50
75
100
-3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5
Xylem pressure (MPa)
F1 F2
H3 J3
N1 N3
PLC
(%)
A
B
Xylem vulnerability to cavitation of Persian walnut cultivars (A) and interspecific hybrid walnuts (B) cultivar. Vulnerability curves show the percentage loss of xylem conductivity (PLC, %) plotted versus the xylem water potential. Measurements were conducted on (A) 6 cultivars of J. regia: Chandlers (Ch, n = 15), Fernettes (Ft, n = 13), Fernors (Fo, n = 10), Franquettes (Fq, n = 67), Laras (La, n = 42), and Serrs (Se, n = 18) and (B) 6 hybrids of J. regia x J. nigra: F1, F2, H3, J3, N1 and N3 (n = 4). Dots are mean values with fitted logistic lines and bars are SE.
Species! Cul@vars! P12%(MPa)! P50%(MPa)! P88%(MPa)! s%(%/MPa)!J.(regia! Chandler!(Ch)! 41.29!(0.04)!a! 41.95!(0.03)! 42.61!(0.04)!ab! 78.04!(3.77)!bc!
Fernor!(Fo)! 41.25!(0.04)!a! 41.93!(0.03)! 42.62!(0.03)!ab! 73.98!(2.57)!c!
Franqueme!(Fq)! 41.40!(0.02)!b! 41.98!(0.01)! 42.56!(0.02)!a! 89.46!(2.20)!a!
Ferneme!(Ft)! 41.33!(0.04)!ab! 41.95!(0.02)! 42.58!(0.03)!ab! 81.68!(3.81)!abc!Lara!(La)! 41.29!(0.02)!a! 41.97!(0.02)! 42.65!(0.03)!b! 76.13!(2.29)!c!
!! Serr!(Se)! 41.34!(0.03)!ab! 41.93!(0.02)! 42.52!(0.04)!a! 88.84!(4.65)!ab!
J.(regia(x(J.(nigra! F1! 41.34!(0.07)!! 42.07!(0.04)! 42.80!(0.03)! 68.77!(3.51)!
F2! 41.84!(0.08)!! 42.23!(0.06)! 42.62!(0.10)! 143.38!(32.41)!
H3! 41.35!(0.19)!! 42.05!(0.08)! 42.75!(0.23)! 88.46!(22.99)!J3! 41.58!(0.11)!! 42.20!(0.08)! 42.82!(0.07)! 82.02!(6.28)!
N1! 41.81!(0.27)!! 42.20!(0.13)! 42.59!(0.02)! 230.24!(114.54)!
!! N3! 41.76!(0.16)!! 42.23!(0.08)! 42.58!(0.06)! 149.63!(2.95)!Parameters of xylem vulnerability to cavitation in walnut cultivars. Xylem pressure causing 12, 50 and 88% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (P12, P50 and P88) and the slope of the vulnerability curve (s) were calculated from the curves of vulnerability to cavitation in 6 cultivars of J. regia and in 6 hybrids of J. regia x J. nigra. Values represent means with standard error in the brackets, n = 4 for each hybrids while n ≥ 10 for each J. regia cultivars. Means were compared between J. regia cultivars or between hybrids. Values with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Duncan's multiple range test).
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&walnut&trees&
Apple&trees&
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&apple&trees&
Descendants!of!!‘Starkrimson’!x!‘Granny!Smith’!
!Different!in!hydraulic!safety!and!
efficiency!!
5!genotypes!4!40!grafing/genotype!4!Grow!in!10!liters!pots!inside!greenhouse!at!INRA!site!de!Crouël,!Clermont4Ferrand!
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&apple&trees&
Genotype!& s& P12& P50& P88&B0023!!& 54.47!a! 42,21! 43.14!a! 44.08!a!
B0057!& 34,78!c!! 41,75! 43.26!a! 44,76!b!B0070!& 32,87!c! 42,03! 43,58!b! 45,13!c!B0097!& 47,46!ab! 42,02! 43.08!a! 44.15!a!
B0111!& 39,99!bc! 41,78! 43.05!a! 44.32!a!