Clonal&variability&in&response&to&drought&on&Hevea%brasiliensis%Müll.Arg.!

Wanploy&Jinagool&May&12th,&2014&

Gene@c& variability& in& drought& tolerance& of& agronomic&interest&trees:&the&role&of&vulnerability&to&xylem&cavita@on&

Objec@ves&

•  To!analyze!gene,c!variability!in!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!on!intra4specific!level!of!agronomic!interest!trees!

•  To!inves,gate!tree!responses!to!drought!stress!

Interested&tree&species&

• Walnut!trees:!6!cul,vars!of!Juglans(regia(and!6!hybrids!(J.(regia(x!J.(nigra)!•  Apple!trees:!5!genotypes,!descendants!of!‘Starkrimson’!x!‘Granny!Smith’!•  Rubber!trees:!10!clones!H.(brasiliensis!!

Rubber&tree&(Hevea%brasiliensis&Müll.Arg.)&

RRIT,!2011!

Source!of!natural!rubber!

Cul,vated!clone:!RRIM!600!(≈!80%)!

Suitable!clima,c!condi,ons!for!produc,on!

•  ≥!1,250!mm!of!annual!rainfall!

•  120!–!150!annual!rainy!days,!less!than!4!

months!of!dry!period!

•  Temperature!26!–!30!˚C!

Total!cul,vated!area!≈!29,538!km2!!(17%!of!Thailand!total!area)!

Drought&tolerance&selec@on?&

Effects&of&drought&stress&on&NR&produc@on&

• Reduc,on!in!growth!and!prolong!immature!period!(Manmeun!et!al,!1993)!

• Reduce!latex!produc,on!(Wichichonchai!&!Manmeun,!1992)!

Increasing&risk&from&drought&stress&

• Northward!expansion!into!drought4prone!areas!• Single!clone!occupied!≈!80%!of!cul,vated!areas!

Objec@ves&of&the&study&

1!•  To!inves,gate!the!gene,c!variability!in!xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!

2!•  To!inves,gate!plant!responses!to!drought!stress!

Plant&materials&

!Nong!Khai!

•  Current!year!branches!•  From!142!years!old!trees!•  Full!sun!exposed!branches!

Studies&of&variability&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&

BPM24! RRII105!

PB217! RRII118!

PB235! RRIM600!

PB260! RRIT251!

PB5/51! RRIT408!

Surat!Thani!

Khon!Kaen!

Average!annual!rainfall:!!• !Khon!Kaen!:!1,00041,200!mm!• !Nong!Khai!:!1,40041,600!mm!!• !Surat!Thani:!2,800!43,200!mm!

Plant&materials&

Studies&of&plant&responses&to&water&deficit&of&10&rubber&clones&

• !1!year!old!trees!(6!trees/clone)!

•  Planted!in!0.93!m3!pots!with!sandy!loam!soil!from!Mekong!river!

•  Trees!received!water!twice!a!week!(30!l/watering/tree)!

•  Slightly!differences!in!tree!height!and!leaf!traits!were!observed!between!clones!

•  Drought!stress!(completely!stop!watering)!was!applied!to!T4trees!during!Dec.!7,!2012!–!Feb.!23,!2013!(11!weeks)!

Diversity&of&30&Wickham&rubber&clones,&based&on&7&microsatellite&markers&(Darwin,!Cirad!sofware!for!gene,c!diversity!assessment)!RRIT408!is!not!presented.! Num Clone

1 AVROS20372 BPM24A3 BPM24B4 GT15 Harbel16 Nab177 OY18 PB2179 PB23510 PB26011 PB28/5912 PB28013 PB5/5114 PB8615 PR10716 PR25517 PR26118 Reyan88D1319 RRIC10020 RRIC10321 RRIC12122 RRII10523 RRII11824 RRIM60025 RRIM61226 RRIM70327 RRIV128 TJIR129 Yunyan77D230 RRIT251

v!

v!

v!

v!

v!

v!

v!

v!

André!CLEMENT4DEMANGE,!CIRAD!Montpellier!

Plant&materials&

Methods&Measured&parameters& Tools&

Stomatal!conductance!(gs)!• !Calcula,on!for!gs/gs(max(gs!=!ini,al!value!measured!on!T!trees!gs(max(=!mean!value!calculated!from!C!trees!for!each!clone!• !Calcula,on!for!gs(50!

Portable!porometer!(LI41600)!

Leaf!water!poten,al!(Ψm)! Pressure!chamber!

Loss!in!xylem!conduc,vity!(%,PLC)! Xyl’EM!Embolism!Meter!

Growth!• !Tree!height!and!diameter!• !Number!of!leaves!

Leaf!area!(LA)!• !Es,mate!total!LA!• !Calcula,on!for!rela,ve!shed!LA!(%)!with!mean!of!C!trees!• !Calcula,on!for!LS50(

LI43100C!

Soil!water!content!(SWC)! Soil!weight!

Xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!(P50)! Cavitron!

Results:&varia@on&in&cavita@on&resistance&&Varia@on&between&clones&and&organs&

0&

25&

50&

75&

100&

[3.0& [2.5& [2.0& [1.5& [1.0& [0.5& 0.0&

Xylem&pressure&(MPa)&

RRIT&251&RRIM&600&

0&

25&

50&

75&

100&

RRIT&251&RRIM&600&

PLC&(%

)&A

B

Cavita@on&tolerance&& Clone&& Pe@ole&P50&& Branch&P50%

+&RRIM!600! 41.15!a!(0.06)! 41.86!(0.06)!PB!5/51!! 41.16!a!(0.06)! 41.87!(0.05)!!

++&

PB!235! 41.28!ab!(0.11)! 41.88!(0.07)!BPM!24! 41.37!ab!(0.06)! 41.85!(0.20)!PB!260! 41.46!ab!(0.03)! 41.96!(0.08)!RRII!105! 41.49!ab!(0.03)! 42.02!(0.11)!RRIT!408! 41.52!ab!(0.14)! 41.73!(0.14)!PB!217! 41.53!ab!(0.12)! 41.91!(0.04)!RRII!118! 41.55!ab!(0.09)! 41.89!(0.15)!

+++&& RRIT!251! 41.65!b!(0.13)! 41.80!(0.12)!

A:!VC!from!pe,oles!B:(VC!from!branches(

Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval

Results:&varia@on&in&cavita@on&resistance&&Varia@on&between&water&availability&on&planta@on&

0!

25!

50!

75!

100!

43.5! 43.0! 42.5! 42.0! 41.5! 41.0! 40.5!

PLC&(%

)&

Xylem&pressure&(MPa)&

RRIM600!ST! RRIT251!ST!

RRIM600!NK! RRIT251!NK!

RRIM600!KK! RRIT251!KK!43.0!

42.5!

42.0!

41.5!

41.0!

40.5!

0.0!P12& P50& P88&

P&(M

Pa)&

Khon!Kaen!

Nong!Khai!

Surat!Thani!ab

a

b

Average!annual!rainfall:!!• !Khon!Kaen!:!1,00041,200!mm!• !Nong!Khai!:!1,40041,600!mm!!• !Surat!Thani:!2,800!43,200!mm!

Results:&responses&to&drought&stress&&&Survey&of&SWC&and&water&poten@al&&

0!

5!

10!

15!

20!

25!

30!

0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14!

SWC&(%

)&

BPM24!

PB217!

PB235!

PB260!

PB5/51!

RRII105!

RRII118!

RRIM600!

RRIT!251!

RRIT408!

C!

Drought!

42.5!

42.0!

41.5!

41.0!

40.5!

0.0!

0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14!

Ψmd&(MPa

)&

Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&

aa

ab(ab(

bb

0!

25!

50!

75!

100!

125!

0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!

gs/gsm

ax&(%

)&

a

ab(

b

0!

25!

50!

75!

100!

0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!

PLC&(%

)&

Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&

BPM!24!

PB!217!

PB!235!

PB!260!

PB!5/51!

RRII!105!

RRII!118!

RRIM!600!

RRIT!251!

RRIT!408!

a

ab(

b

0!

25!

50!

75!

100!

0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!

Rela@v

e&shed

&leaf&area&(%

)&

Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&

a(

b(

c(

bc(

a(

b(bc(

bcd(

cd(

d(

Results:&responses&to&drought&stress&&&&Kine@c&in&plant&responses&to&water&deficits&

•  gs/gsmax!compared!ini,al!gs!of!T4trees!with!mean!of!C4trees!for!each!clone!

•  PLC!measured!on!pe,ole!•  Rela,ve!shed!leaf!area!compared!T4trees!and!mean!of!C4trees!for!each!clone

Results:&safety&margin&

Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval

Clone& gs&50% Pe@ole&P12% Pe@ole&safety&margin&BPM!24! 40.61!(0.05)! 40.57!(0.27)! 40.04!(0.22)!PB!217! 40.96!(0.05)! 40.56!(0.09)! 40.40!(0.06)!PB!235! 41.14!(0.08)! 40.41!(0.10)! 40.73!(0.16)!PB!260! 40.91!(0.21)! 40.59!(0.37)! 40.31!(0.58)!PB!5/51! 40.94!(0.06)! 40.19!(0.04)! 40.76!(0.11)!RRII!105! 40.92!(0.08)! 40.72!(0.37)! 40.20!(0.29)!RRII!118! 40.84!(0.17)! 40.64!(0.08)! 40.20!(0.19)!RRIM!600! 40.98!(0.13)! 40.71!(0.19)! 40.27!(0.11)!RRIT!251! 41.35!(0.25)! 40.57!(0.41)! 40.78!(0.35)!RRIT!408! 40.91!(0.10)! 40.52!(0.32)! 40.39!(0.22)!

Clone& LS50% Branch&P12% Branch&safety&margin&BPM!24! 41.30!a(((0.08)! 41.08!(0.02)! 40.23!!a!(0.08)!PB!217! 42.86!b!!(0.08)! 41.17!(0.10)! 41.69!!c!(0.08)!PB!235! 41.68!a!!(0.16)! 41.17!(0.08)! 40.51!!a((0.16)!PB!260! 41.85!a(((0.11)! 41.29!(0.07)! 40.56!!a!(0.11)!PB!5/51! 42.06!ab!(0.17)! 41.14!(0.09)! 40.91!ab!(0.17)!RRII!105! 41.87!a(((0.13)! 41.26!(0.07)! 40.61!!a!(0.13)!RRII!118! 41.68!a(((0.12)! 41.18!(0.11)! 40.50!a!(0.12)!RRIM!600! 41.51!a!!(0.10)! 41.20!(0.09)! 40.31!!a!(0.10)!RRIT!251! 41.62!a!!(0.27)! 41.07!(0.12)! 40.55!!a!(0.27)!RRIT!408! 42.75!b((!0.20)! 41.17!(0.06)! 41.58!bc((0.20)!

Results:&safety&margin&

Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval

Clone& Pe,ole!safety!margin!gs(50(–(P50%

Branch!safety!margin!LS50(–(P50%

BPM!24! 0.77!(0.02)!! 0.54!!a!!(0.08)!RRII!118! 0.57!(0.18)!! 40.95!!c!!(0.08)!RRIT!408! 0.14!(0.04)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.16)!PB!217! 0.55!(0.08)!! 0.11!!a!!(0.11)!RRII!105! 0.22!(0.07)!! 40.18!ab!(0.17)!PB!260! 0.57!(0.02)!! 0.15!!a!!(0.13)!RRIT!251! 0.71!(0.08)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.12)!PB!5/51! 0.17!(0.33)!! 0.35!!a!!(0.10)!RRIM!600! 0.30!(0.20)!! 0.18!!a!!(0.27)!PB!235! 0.61!(0.16)! 41.02!!c!!(0.20)!

Conclusions&

1!

• Gene,c!varia,on!in!cavita,on!resistance!was!found!on!pe,ole!of!H.(brasiliensis!but!not!on!branch.!

• Different! cavita,on! resistance! between! branch! and! pe,ole!sugges,ng!segmenta,on!in!xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on.!

• None/! very! small! acclima,on! in! xylem! vulnerability! to!cavita,on!for!the!species.!

2!

• Cavita,on! resistance! is! not! per,nent! to! select! for! drought!tolerance!clone!in!H.(brasiliensis.!

• Different! in! stomatal! regula,on! and! leaf! shedding! sugges,ng!that!this!species!relies!more!on!drought!avoidance.!!

END&

SUPPLEMENTARY&SLIDES&

Rubber&tree&(Hevea%brasiliensis&Müll.Arg.)&

FAO,!2013!;!RRIT,!2011!

34!841!

20!500!12!000!

6!000!

5!058!

20!241!

Area&harvested&(km2)&

Indonesia!

Thailand!

Malaysia!

China!

Viet!Nam!

Others!

3!500!000!

3!040!400!

970!000!

863!773!

805!000!

2!266!003!

Produc@on&(tonnes)&

Thailand!

Indonesia!

Malaysia!

Viet!Nam!

India!

Others!

2012&

Constrains&for&natural&rubber&produc@on:&&Impacts&of&climate&changes&to&Thailand&

!Increasing!trend!in!annual!precipita,on!

Laung4Aram!et!al.,!2008!!

Increasing!mean!temperature!and!hot!days!

Laung4Aram!et!al.,!2008!!

!Average!annual!maximum!

temperature!(˚C)!

!Average!annual!hot!days!(≥!35˚C)!

Constrains&for&natural&rubber&produc@on:&&Impacts&of&climate&changes&to&Thailand&

Clone& Pe@ole&safety&margin&gs%50%–%P50%

Branch&safety&margin&LS50%–%P50%

BPM!24! 0.77!(0.02)!! 0.54!!a!!(0.08)!RRII!118! 0.57!(0.18)!! 40.95!!c!!(0.08)!RRIT!408! 0.14!(0.04)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.16)!PB!217! 0.55!(0.08)!! 0.11!!a!!(0.11)!RRII!105! 0.22!(0.07)!! 40.18!ab!(0.17)!PB!260! 0.57!(0.02)!! 0.15!!a!!(0.13)!RRIT!251! 0.71!(0.08)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.12)!PB!5/51! 0.17!(0.33)!! 0.35!!a!!(0.10)!RRIM!600! 0.30!(0.20)!! 0.18!!a!!(0.27)!PB!235! 0.61!(0.16)! 41.02!!c!!(0.20)!

Tree&height&before&drought&was&applied&

3.86

3.07

3.87

3.26

3.39

4.08

3.49

4.24

4.16

3.63

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

BPM/24

PB/217

PB/235

PB/260

PB/5/51

RRII/105

RRII/118

RRIM

/600

RRIT/251

RRIT/408

Tree$heigh

t$(m)

a

ab abab ab

abab ab

b b

Leaf&traits&before&drought&was&applied&

0

25

50

75

100

125

Mean%LA

%(cm

2 )a

bc

ababc

bcabc bc

ab

c

abc

0

25

50

75

100

125

BPM24

PB217

PB235

PB260

PB5/51

RRII105

RRII118

RRIM

600

RRIT251

RRIT408

LMA%(g%m

.2) a a a a

ab ab ab abab

c

0.52

0.49

0.49

0.44

0.48

0.48

0.63

0.55

0.52

0.54

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

BPM24

PB21

7

PB23

5

PB26

0

PB5/51

RRII105

RRII118

RRIM

600

RRIT25

1

RRIT40

8

Total&LA&(m

2 )

a aaababab ab ababb

74 71 70 63 69 69 91 78 75 770

25

50

75

100

125

Total&num

ber&of&leaves

a aaab ab ab ab ab ab

b

0

25

50

75

100

125

Mean%LA

%(cm

2 )

a

bc

ababc

bcabc bc

ab

c

abc

0

25

50

75

100

125

BPM24

PB217

PB235

PB260

PB5/51

RRII105

RRII118

RRIM

600

RRIT251

RRIT408

LMA%(g%m

.2) a a a a

ab ab ab abab

c

Results:&Drought&effect&on&RGR&(tree&height)&

0.00!

0.01!

0.02!

0.03!

0.04!

0.05!

0.06!

BPM24!

PB217!

PB235!

PB260!

PB5/51!

RRII105!

RRII118!

RRIM

600!

RRIT251!

RRIT408!

RGR&

C!

T!

•  RGR!was!effected!by!drought!stress!•  However,!the!different!between!C!&!T!is!small!due!to!trees!were!at!the!end!of!seasonal!growth!

0!1!2!3!4!5!6!

0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!

RRIM600&

T!C! 0!

1!2!3!4!5!6!

0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!

RRIT251&

0!1!2!3!4!5!6!

0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!

PB5/51&

T!C! 0!

1!2!3!4!5!6!

0! 3! 6! 9! 12! 15! 18!

RRIT408&

Time&from&plan@ng&(months)&

Tree&height&(m)&

Walnut&trees&

Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&walnut&trees&

0

25

50

75

100

Ch Fo

Fq Ft

La Se

0

25

50

75

100

-3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5

Xylem pressure (MPa)

F1 F2

H3 J3

N1 N3

PLC

(%)

A

B

Xylem vulnerability to cavitation of Persian walnut cultivars (A) and interspecific hybrid walnuts (B) cultivar. Vulnerability curves show the percentage loss of xylem conductivity (PLC, %) plotted versus the xylem water potential. Measurements were conducted on (A) 6 cultivars of J. regia: Chandlers (Ch, n = 15), Fernettes (Ft, n = 13), Fernors (Fo, n = 10), Franquettes (Fq, n = 67), Laras (La, n = 42), and Serrs (Se, n = 18) and (B) 6 hybrids of J. regia x J. nigra: F1, F2, H3, J3, N1 and N3 (n = 4). Dots are mean values with fitted logistic lines and bars are SE.

Species! Cul@vars! P12%(MPa)! P50%(MPa)! P88%(MPa)! s%(%/MPa)!J.(regia! Chandler!(Ch)! 41.29!(0.04)!a! 41.95!(0.03)! 42.61!(0.04)!ab! 78.04!(3.77)!bc!

Fernor!(Fo)! 41.25!(0.04)!a! 41.93!(0.03)! 42.62!(0.03)!ab! 73.98!(2.57)!c!

Franqueme!(Fq)! 41.40!(0.02)!b! 41.98!(0.01)! 42.56!(0.02)!a! 89.46!(2.20)!a!

Ferneme!(Ft)! 41.33!(0.04)!ab! 41.95!(0.02)! 42.58!(0.03)!ab! 81.68!(3.81)!abc!Lara!(La)! 41.29!(0.02)!a! 41.97!(0.02)! 42.65!(0.03)!b! 76.13!(2.29)!c!

!! Serr!(Se)! 41.34!(0.03)!ab! 41.93!(0.02)! 42.52!(0.04)!a! 88.84!(4.65)!ab!

J.(regia(x(J.(nigra! F1! 41.34!(0.07)!! 42.07!(0.04)! 42.80!(0.03)! 68.77!(3.51)!

F2! 41.84!(0.08)!! 42.23!(0.06)! 42.62!(0.10)! 143.38!(32.41)!

H3! 41.35!(0.19)!! 42.05!(0.08)! 42.75!(0.23)! 88.46!(22.99)!J3! 41.58!(0.11)!! 42.20!(0.08)! 42.82!(0.07)! 82.02!(6.28)!

N1! 41.81!(0.27)!! 42.20!(0.13)! 42.59!(0.02)! 230.24!(114.54)!

!! N3! 41.76!(0.16)!! 42.23!(0.08)! 42.58!(0.06)! 149.63!(2.95)!Parameters of xylem vulnerability to cavitation in walnut cultivars. Xylem pressure causing 12, 50 and 88% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (P12, P50 and P88) and the slope of the vulnerability curve (s) were calculated from the curves of vulnerability to cavitation in 6 cultivars of J. regia and in 6 hybrids of J. regia x J. nigra. Values represent means with standard error in the brackets, n = 4 for each hybrids while n ≥ 10 for each J. regia cultivars. Means were compared between J. regia cultivars or between hybrids. Values with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Duncan's multiple range test).

Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&walnut&trees&

Apple&trees&

Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&apple&trees&

Descendants!of!!‘Starkrimson’!x!‘Granny!Smith’!

!Different!in!hydraulic!safety!and!

efficiency!!

5!genotypes!4!40!grafing/genotype!4!Grow!in!10!liters!pots!inside!greenhouse!at!INRA!site!de!Crouël,!Clermont4Ferrand!

Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in&apple&trees&

Genotype!& s& P12& P50& P88&B0023!!& 54.47!a! 42,21! 43.14!a! 44.08!a!

B0057!& 34,78!c!! 41,75! 43.26!a! 44,76!b!B0070!& 32,87!c! 42,03! 43,58!b! 45,13!c!B0097!& 47,46!ab! 42,02! 43.08!a! 44.15!a!

B0111!& 39,99!bc! 41,78! 43.05!a! 44.32!a!