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Information
WALKair V2.0
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A50010-Z3-C100-1-7618
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U Important Note on Product Safety
Elevated voltages are inevitably present at specific points in this electrical equipment. Some of theparts can also have elevated operating temperatures.
Non-observance of these conditions and the safety instructions can result in personal injury or inproperty damage.
Therefore only trained and qualified personnel may install and maintain the system.
The system complies with the standard EN 60950 / IEC 60950. All equipment connected has tocomply with the applicable safety standards.
Safety Warnings:
Protective earth must be securely fixed (GND STUD) and installed prior to TNV (TelecomNetwork Voltage) connections.
AC power must be disconnected prior to changing the Power Supply fuse.
DC cable shield must be connected to ground on both sides. A secure connection to the BUcase should be provided via the D-type connector.
Powering off the indoor units is performed by disconnecting the DC power supply cable.
When disconnecting the DC power supply cable from the Main Distribution Power, firstdisconnect the +/-48 V supply, and only then the DC cable shield.
E1 output cables should be installed within the same building as the Base Station BU.
Copyright (C) Siemens AG 1999
Issued by the Information and Communication Networks Group
Hofmannstrae 51
D-81359 Munich
Technical modifications possible.
Technical specifications and features are binding only insofar as,
they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written contract.
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Contents
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 51.1 System Overview................................................................................................. 51.1.1 Brief Description of the System Components ...................................................... 61.1.2 Operation and Maintenance................................................................................. 71.1.3 System Parameters for Maximum Configuration ................................................. 7
2 Base Station......................................................................................................... 82.1 General ................................................................................................................ 82.2 Base Station/Sector Components........................................................................ 82.3 Hardware ............................................................................................................. 82.3.1 BS Powering ........................................................................................................ 92.3.2 Basic Unit (BU) .................................................................................................. 10
2.3.3 IF Multiplexer ..................................................................................................... 142.3.4 RFU.................................................................................................................... 152.3.5 Antenna.............................................................................................................. 16
3 Terminal Station................................................................................................. 173.1 General .............................................................................................................. 173.2 Terminal Station - Components ......................................................................... 173.3 Hardware ........................................................................................................... 183.3.1 Terminal Station Basic Unit (BU) ....................................................................... 193.3.2 CPE Interface LED............................................................................................. 213.4 RFU and Antenna .............................................................................................. 22
4 Air Protocol ........................................................................................................ 23
4.1 General .............................................................................................................. 234.2 Air Protocol Allocation Mechanism..................................................................... 24
5 Management, Operation and Maintenance........................................................ 255.1 General .............................................................................................................. 255.2 LCI Terminal ...................................................................................................... 255.3 Management Features....................................................................................... 255.3.1 Configuration...................................................................................................... 255.3.2 Maintenance ...................................................................................................... 26
6 Specifications..................................................................................................... 27
7 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 32
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Figures
Fig. 1.1 General System Diagram................................................................................ 5Fig. 1.2 Basic WALKair Components ........................................................................... 6Fig. 2.1 Base Station Installation - Typical Configuration............................................. 8Fig. 2.2 Base Station (BS) - Functional Diagram ......................................................... 9Fig. 2.3 Base Station/Basic Unit - General View........................................................ 10Fig. 2.4 Base Station/Basic Unit - Functional Diagram .............................................. 11Fig. 2.5 BU-BS Front Panel........................................................................................ 12Fig. 2.6 BU-BS Rear Panel ........................................................................................ 13Fig. 2.7 IF Multiplexer Front Panel (8-Port Model Shown) ......................................... 14Fig. 2.8 IF Multiplexer Rear Panel.............................................................................. 14Fig. 2.9 RFU Functional Diagram............................................................................... 15Fig. 2.10 Base Station Antenna.................................................................................. 16Fig. 3.1 Terminal Station Equipment.......................................................................... 17
Fig. 3.2 Terminal Station Installation - Typical Configuration ..................................... 18Fig. 3.3 Terminal Station (TS) - Functional Diagram.................................................. 18Fig. 3.4 BU-TS Front Panel........................................................................................ 20Fig. 3.5 BU-TS Rear Panel (48 VDC Power Option).................................................. 20Fig. 3.6 BU- TS Rear Panel (220 VAC Power Option)............................................... 20Fig. 3.7 RFU-TS and Integrated Antenna .................................................................. 22Fig. 4.1 WALKair Access Method Scheme ................................................................ 23Fig. 4.2 WALKair FDMA............................................................................................. 23Fig. 4.3 WALKair TDMA............................................................................................. 24
Tables
Tab. 1.1 Maximum Values of System Parameters ....................................................... 7Tab. 2.1 Base Station BU Interfaces - Front Panel .................................................... 12Tab. 2.2 Base Station BU Interfaces - Rear Panel..................................................... 13Tab. 2.3 Base Station BU LED Indications................................................................. 13Tab. 2.4 Base Station BU LEDs Color Coding........................................................... 14Tab. 3.1 Terminal Station BU Interfaces .................................................................... 20Tab. 3.2 Terminal Station BU LED Indications........................................................... 21Tab. 3.3 Terminal Station BU LEDs Color Coding ..................................................... 21
This document consists of 34 pages. All pages are issue 1.
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1 Introduction
1.1 System OverviewWALKair
TMis a wideband Wireless Local Loop (WLL) system that provides wireless
access solutions. The system connects customers in one spread area of a few tensof kilometers to the central access point of the Telecom in that area. A general systemdiagram is shown in Fig. 1.1.
Business Customer
Application
Base Station
Micro Cell Feeding
Application
Terminal Station
120oSector
60
oSector
Radio To The Building (RTTB) Application
10-km Radius
Fig. 1.1 General System Diagram
The Base Station, which is located on the network side, provides coverage to a10-kilometer radius (referred to as a cell, extending in a 360
oradius).
A cell can consist of 3 or 6 sectors. A sector (which can be seen as a slice of the cell)can provide coverage of 60
oor 120
o. The coverage angle is a function of the antenna
ordered with the system.
The base station provides Telecom service to Terminal Stations (TSs) which areinstalled at the customer premises and connected to the CPE (such as PBXs, faxmachines, PCs).
WALKair implements a proprietary, patent-pending air protocol for communicationbetween the base station and terminal stations. The access method is based on aTDMA/FDMA/FDD scheme.
WALKair supports operation in the 3.5-GHz- and 10.5-GHz-bands. These bands arerecommended in Europe for PMP systems by ETSI. WALKair is fully compliant with theETSI TM4-DE/TM-04020-TDMA standard for point-to-multipoint digital radio system3 to 11 GHz.
WALKair features a modular architecture that helps reduce startup costs minimizeinitial investment and maximize gradual growth capabilities.
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The deployment of WALKair systems offers the network operator a number ofadvantages when compared with wireline networks and with alternative technologies:
Cost-effective and rapid installation and commissioning
Rapid first provisioning of telecommunication services, e.g. to new buildingdevelopments
Better utilization of in-place main cables
Easier expansion of the network as subscriber base grows
Very high radio efficiency (2.5 bits/s/Hz)
Automatic frequency selection and auto-interference prevention scheme
Efficient high speed Internet access
Modular and fault tolerant architecture
Wide variety of telecom interfaces
An optimized solution for SME access with high growth potential
Cost structure tailored to the new operator needs: low start-up cost, linear growth,low life cycle costs.
1.1.1 Brief Description of the System Components
IF MUX
BU
Base Station (BS)
Sector
Terminal Stations (TS)
Workstation
NMS
Voice &
Data
.
.
.
BU
RFU +
Antenna
RFU
RFU +
Antenna
PBX
Frame
Relay
ISDN
PRI
Antenna
ISDN
BRI
EthernetWorkst
SNMP based NMS
Standard platform
To:
Telecom backbone
ISP
Fig. 1.2 Basic WALKair Components
Base Station(BS)
Located at the network side, the base station provides service to
a cell (a circular coverage area of up to 10-km radius). The base
station provides the interfaces to the telecom switches.Terminal Station(TS)
Located at the customer premises, the terminal station interfaces
with the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), including LAN
bridges/routers and PBXs.
The Air Protocol The air protocol is a patent-pending; proprietary protocol
developed to optimize the air traffic between the exchange and
CPE sides.
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1.1.2 Operation and Maintenance
Operation and maintenance for the system is provided via a Local Craft Interface (LCI)
which can be connected to any network element via an RS232 interface for elementmanagement.
1.1.3 System Parameters for Maximum Configuration
WALKair is a modular system that can be flexibly configured to suit the operationalrequirements. The following table describes the main system parameters:
Parameter Value
Max. number of sectors per cell up to 6
Max. number of BU-BSs per sector up to 8
Max. number of TS per BU-BS up to 16
Max. number of telecom interfaces per base station BU up to 3
Max. number of CPE interfaces per TS BU up to 3
Tab. 1.1 Maximum Values of System Parameters
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2 Base Station
2.1 GeneralLocated at the network side, the base station provides service to a coverage area of upto 10 km, extended in a 360
oradius (referred to as a cell). The base station provides
the interfaces to the telecom switches. The base station consists of several sectors,which cover the cell (3 or 6 sectors can cover a single cell, depending on the type ofantenna).
2.2 Base Station/Sector Components
Fig. 2.1 illustrates a typical Base Station installation.
TELECOM
INTERFACES
IF CABLE
ANTENNA
COAX CABLE
LCI
RFU - BS
RACK
COMPATIBLE
FOR ETSI & 19
ETHERNET
RS232
BU1 . . . BU8
IF-MUX
Fig. 2.1 Base Station Installation - Typical Configuration
2.3 HardwareThe configuration of the sector is modular, and can contain from 1 to 8 Basic Units(BU), an IF Multiplexer, an RF unit and an antenna.
All equipment complies with the ETSI 300-019 standard (indoor: class 3.2;outdoor: class 4.1E).
Each BU-BS operates independently from other BU-BSs, therefore minimizingdowntime and allowing for quick recovery in the event of equipment failure.
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The following functional diagram shows the basic components of the Base Station.
IF-MUX
TELECOM
CPU
FRAMER
MODEM
IF IF
TELECOM
EMS SERIAL / MODEM
EMS ETHERNET
LCI
EXTENSION BUS
TELECOM
CPU
FRAMER
MODEM
IF IF
TELECOM
LCI
EXTENSION BUS
TELECOM
CPU
FRAMER
MODEM
IF IF
TELECOM
LCI
EXTENSION BUS
Antenna
Tx Chain
Rx Chain
Dual Synthesizer
RFU
Diplexer
Diplexer
IF &Power
Fig. 2.2 Base Station (BS) - Functional Diagram
2.3.1 BS Powering
The BS is powered by a DC standard source (48 V) connected to the indoor unit andapplied to the outdoor equipment via coaxial cable.
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2.3.2 Basic Unit (BU)
Fig. 2.3 Base Station/Basic Unit - General View
The Base Station Basic Unit (BU) is a modular device encased in a compact (1U)housing. The BUs main board has three sockets for the telephony/data interfacedaughter boards. Each slot can be equipped with a different type of telecom networkinterface. A BU can be installed with one, two or all three telecom network interfaces.Daughter boards can be changed/added at any time, to support a "grow as you need"modularity.
The following telephony interface daughter boards can be ordered:
E1, G.703, at speed of 2.048 Mbps; traffic range may vary in 64 Kbps increments,from 64 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps.
The BU converts the telecom voice/data into IF signals, which are output to the IFMultiplexer. In the Upstream direction, the BU converts the IF signals back intovoice/data for output to the telecom switch.
Each BU transmits and receives one 1.75 MHz carrier and, by employing TDMA,handles the traffic of several remote Terminal Station (typically 2-10, maximum 16).
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The BU-BS functional diagram is shown in Fig. 2.4.
T e l e c o m I n te r f a c e c a r d
T e l e c o m I n te r f a c e c a r d
T e l e c o m I n te r f a c e c a r d
F R A M E R
IF
C P U
T e l e c o mI n t e r f a c e
T e l e c o mI n t e r f a c e
T e l e c o mI n t e r f a c e
L C I
S s te mE x t e n s i o n
M O D E M
E t h e r n e t /
M o d e m
Fig. 2.4 Base Station/Basic Unit - Functional Diagram
2.3.2.1 Modem
The Modem features operation at high bit rates of 4.48 Mbps and symbol rates of1.12 MHz. It delivers a net payload of 4.096 Mbps at a low BER of 10
-9. The modem is
highly efficient, with a spectral efficiency of 2.5 bit/sec/Hz. It implements 64QAM andTrellis coding.
An adaptive equalizer, integrated into the modem, supports NLOS fading and timevariations.
2.3.2.2 Framer
The framer converts the telecom signals (PCM format) into air packets using updatedlocation data from the CPU.
The framer is responsible for constructing the airframe according to the air protocol.The framer multiplexes the traffic channels, control channel and overhead bits of theairframe into one bit stream. This bit stream is modulated by the modem.
The framer supports the logic and procedures defined by the air protocol. A sophisti-cated interface between the framer and the main CPU is used to provide the enhancedcapabilities of the air protocol.
2.3.2.3 IF Block
The IF module generates the IF signal and interfaces between the baseband receivedfrom the modem and the IF frequency signal output to the RFU. This block is alsoresponsible for supplying the DC power to the RFU. The IF and DC signals are carriedon the coaxial cable to the RFU.
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2.3.2.4 CPU
The CPU block is responsible for handling of the air protocol and the Local Craft
Interface (LCI) and the management protocol (future use). The CPU block contains theCPU, data storage and software storage (FLASH memory). Up to two softwareversions can reside simultaneously on the FLASH, allowing download of new softwareversions to the TS without service interruption
2.3.2.5 BU-BS Interfaces
The BU interfaces are located on both the front and rear panels of the unit. The inter-faces found on the front panel are shown in Fig. 2.5 and are listed in Tab. 2.1. Theinterfaces found on the rear panel are shown in Fig. 2.6 and are listed in Tab. 2.2.
ETHEXTINT
XXXXXXXX
E1/P-ISDNE1/P-ISDNE1/P-ISDNE1/P-ISDNE1/P-ISDN E1/P-ISDN
XXXXXXXX
TxRx
RxTx
RxTx
RxTx
Port 2 Port 1 Port 0
a b c
a s d f g
Fig. 2.5 BU-BS Front Panel
Note: Some of the BU front panels may have the following signs instead of Tx/Rx:
Tx (Output from the BU)
Rx (Input to the BU)
Port Number Type Description
IF Ports a SMA Provides the interface to the IF Multiplexer.When ordered with an N-type connector, the BU
can be connected directly to a RF Unit (single
BU option).
E1 Telecom
Ports (1 to 3)
s RJ45 Each of these ports provides the interface to a2 Mbps telecom switch channel
Ethernet d Ethernet 10baseT,RJ45 connector
Provides an interface to an external manage-
ment system. Intended for future use.
Serial f RJ45 Provides an interface to a modem or PADdevice for an external management system.Intended for future use.
LCI
(Local Craft Interface)
g RJ45 Provides the interface to a Local Craft Terminal
Tab. 2.1 Base Station BU Interfaces - Front Panel
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Input Vol: 48VDCInput Curr: 5
Amp
I
N
SYS CLKI
N
OUTOUTEXTENSION BUS BSXXXXXX
OUTI I
h j k l
Fig. 2.6 BU-BS Rear Panel
Port Number Type Description
Power h 3-pin D-type Provides 48VDC operating power to the BU
Ground Screw j NC8 diameter Provides the connection to an earth ground
Extension Bus (2) k 25-pin D-type Allows chaining of BUs in Master/Slave managementconfiguration. In this configuration, one BU serves as the
mediation device for all chained BUs, transferring the
management data to all BUs. Intended for future use.
External Clock (2) l RJ45 Allows chaining of BUs, when locking the clock of allchained BUs to an external 2 MHz clock. Intended for
future use.
Tab. 2.2 Base Station BU Interfaces - Rear Panel
2.3.2.6 BU-BS LED Indications
The front panel of the BU houses 3 LED indicators, listed in Tab. 2.3. The color coding
of the LEDs is described in Section 2.3.2.8.
LED Letter Description
EXT (Outdoor) a Indicates the status of the outdoor equipment
(e.g., failure in the RFU or a lost connection with one of
the TSs)
INT (Indoor) b Indicates the status of the indoor equipment
(e.g., Loss of Signal on one of the E1s connected to the
BU)
ETH (Ethernet) c Indicates the status of the Ethernet port
Tab. 2.3 Base Station BU LED Indications
2.3.2.7 Telecom LED
Each telecom module has a single LED, which provides indications as to the operationof the telecom channel. The color coding of the Telecom LED is described inSection 2.3.2.8.
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2.3.2.8 LEDs Color Coding
Tab. 2.4 summarizes the various BU-BS LED states.
LED State LED
Internal External Ethernet Telecom
Blinking RED Disable Major Disable
RED Major Major Major
Blinking Yellow Loopback Loopback Loopback
Yellow Minor Minor Minor
Blinking Green Software Download
Green OK OK OK OK
Tab. 2.4 Base Station BU LEDs Color Coding
2.3.3 IF Multiplexer
Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Tx4
Rx6
Tx5 Tx8Tx7
Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5
Tx6
Rx7 Rx8
POWERFAIL
XXXXXXXX
Fig. 2.7 IF Multiplexer Front Panel (8-Port Model Shown)
PWR
InputVol: 36-72VDC
InputCurr: 3Amp
IN
OUT
IF IN/OUTEXTENSION BUS
XXXXXXXXXX
Fig. 2.8 IF Multiplexer Rear Panel
The IF Multiplexer combines the IF signals from/to the various BUs and the 48 VDCfeeding into a single coax cable that goes up to the roof top, where the RF unit andantenna are located. Up to 8 BUs may operate together combined by the same IFMultiplexer.
The input/output of the IF Multiplexer are:
Tx 1000 to 1150 MHz
Rx 650 to 800 MHzThe IF Multiplexer has 8 SMA port pairs (IN and OUT), each of which can beconnected to a single BU-BS. Two extension bus ports are provided for connecting theIF Multiplexer to a BU-BS for management purposes (intended for future use).
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2.3.4 RFU
T x Ch a in
R x Cha i n
Dua l Syn t hes i ze r
Diplexer
Diplexer
IF &
P o w e r
Fig. 2.9 RFU Functional Diagram
The RFU converts the IF to RF, amplifies the signal to its correct level and transmits itthrough the antenna. The RFU is mounted near the antenna, and is connected to it bymeans off a single LMR600 coaxial cable.
The RFU contains a diplexer, which allows a single cable to connect the BU to the RFUincluding Rx signals and Tx signals.
All RFUs are isolated from the indoor equipment and operate with the same BU and IF
Multiplexer. The RFU is connected to the indoor equipment with a single coaxial cable(LMR400).
The RFU has a radio transmitter with up to 27 dBm power and a radio receiver withsensitivity of -87 dBm (@ BER 10
-9). Radio transmissions are fully compliant with ETSI
TM4.
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2.3.5 Antenna
Fig. 2.10 Base Station Antenna
The antenna is a sector type. It covers an angular area at either 60oor 120
o. Several
sector antennas (3 or 6), each with its own RFU, may cover a whole circular area (cell).Antennas should be installed near the RFU (recommended distance: up to 1 m), on asuitable pole.
The following antennas can be installed at the base station side:
3.5-GHz Microstrip Antenna
120o,13 dBi, 40 x 20 x 5 cm
60o, 16 dBi, 40 x 20 x 5 cm
10.5-GHz Wave Guide Slot Array
120o,17 dBi, 75 x 20 x 15 cm
60o, 19 dBi, 75 x 20 x 15 cm
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3 Terminal Station
3.1 GeneralThe Terminal Station (TS) is located at the customer premises and is connected to theCustomer Premises Equipment (CPE).
The TS is comprised of two units, the BU-TS and the TS/RFU, interconnected by asingle LMR400 cable.
Fig. 3.1 Terminal Station Equipment
3.2 Terminal Station - ComponentsThe TS indoor unit can be conveniently mounted using one of the following mountingoptions:
Rack mounted (19" or ETSI racks) Wall mounted
Desktop
The indoor BU-TS features front panel connection points for easy access to allinterfaces.
The outdoor unit is a compact integrated RFU and antenna unit, which is easilymounted on the antenna pole.
The TS requires minimal local configuration via the LCI. Maintenance and configurationis performed via the base station.
A single coaxial cable connects the indoor mounted BU to the outdoor unit.
RFU and
Antenna
Basic Unit (BU)
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Fig. 3.2 shows a typical TS installation.
RFU + ANTENNA
TS
PC
Serial LCI
TELECOM INTERFACES
CABLE
Fig. 3.2 Terminal Station Installation - Typical Configuration
3.3 HardwareThe following functional diagram shows the basic TS components.
IF &Power
Telecom Interface card
Telecom Interface card
Telecom Interface card
FRAMER
IF
CPUINTEGRATED
RFU ANDANTENNA
TelecomInterface
TelecomInterface
TelecomInterface
LCI
MODEM
Fig. 3.3 Terminal Station (TS) - Functional Diagram
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3.3.1 Terminal Station Basic Unit (BU)
The Terminal Station Basic Unit (BU) is a modular device encased in a compact (1U)housing. The BUs main board has three sockets for the CPE interface daughterboards, for connection to a wide range of CPE (Multiplexer, NTU, router, PBX, etc.).Each slot can be equipped with a different type of interface. A BU can be installed withone, two or all three CPE interfaces. CPE interfaces include E1/G.703, ISDN-BRI,ISDN-PRI and Frame Relay. Daughter boards can be changed/added to support a"grow as you need" modularity.
The BU converts voice/data into IF signals, which are output to the RFU for upstreamtransmission to the Base Station.
3.3.1.1 Modem
The modem is implemented on the motherboard, which is identical on all BUs. The
interface cards and the IF module are implemented on daughter boards, and thereforeallow maximum flexibility.
The RF Modem features a high bit rate of 4.48 Mbps, a low BER of 10-9, a net payload
of 4.090 Mbps and a high spectral efficiency of 2.5 bit/sec/Hz. It implements 64QAMand Trellis coding.
An adaptive equalizer, integrated into the modem, supports NLOS and time variations.
3.3.1.2 Framer
The framer converts the E1 frames into air packets and is responsible for constructingthe airframe according to the air protocol. The framer multiplexes the traffic channels,control channel and overhead bits of the airframe into one bit stream. This bit stream is
modulated by the modem.
The framer supports the logic and procedures defined by the air protocol. A sophisti-cated interface between the framer and the main CPU is used provide the enhancedcapabilities of the air protocol.
3.3.1.3 IF Block
The IF module generates the IF signal and interfaces between the baseband receivedfrom the modem and the IF frequency signal output to the RFU. This block is alsoresponsible for supplying the DC power to the RFU. The IF and DC signals are carriedon the coaxial cable to the RFU.
3.3.1.4 CPUThe CPU block contains the CPU, data storage and software storage (FLASHmemory). Up to two software versions can reside simultaneously on the FLASH,allowing download of new software versions to the TS without service interruption.
The CPU block also contains software for handling the air protocol, the Local CraftInterface and the management protocol (for future use).
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3.3.1.5 BU-TS Interfaces
The BU-TS interfaces are located on both the front and rear panels of the unit. The
interfaces are listed in Fig. 3.4 and Fig. 3.5.
EXTINT
E1/P-ISDNTxRx
E1/P-ISDNTxRx
E1/P-ISDNRxTx RxTx RxTx
E1/P-ISDNE1/P-ISDNE1/P-ISDNE1/P-ISDN E1/P-ISDN
LCI
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
1 2 3
Fig. 3.4 BU-TS Front Panel
Note: Some of the BU front panels may have the following signs instead of Tx/Rx:
Tx (Output from the BU)
Rx (Input to the BU)
TSXXXXXInputVol:36-72VDCInputCurr: 3Amp
Fig. 3.5 BU-TS Rear Panel (48 VDC Power Option)
TSXXXXX
Input vol: 90-250 VDC
Input curr: 2 AFuse: 2A/250V Slow
Frequency: 47-63Hz
POWER
Fig. 3.6 BU- TS Rear Panel (220 VAC Power Option)
Port Number Type Description
IF Ports a N-type Provides the interface to the RFU
CPE Ports
(1 to 3)
s RJ45 Each of these ports provides the interface to a2 Mbps channel
LCI d RS232 Provides an interface to a modem or PAD device
Power f 3-pin D-type for 48 VDCor
standard socket for
110/220 VAC mains
Provides 48 VDC or 110/220 VAC operating power to
the BU (depends on ordered configuration)
Tab. 3.1 Terminal Station BU Interfaces
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3.3.1.6 BU Powering
The BU-TS is powered by a 48 VDC source or the 110/220 VAC 50/60 Hz AC power
mains (depends on ordered configuration).
3.3.1.7 BU-TS LED Indications
The front panel of the BU-TS houses 2 LED indicators, listed in Tab. 3.2.
LED Description
EXT
(Outdoor)
Indicates the status of the outdoor equipment
(e.g., failure in the RFU or a lost connection with one of the TSs)
INT
(Indoor)
Indicates the status of the indoor equipment
(e.g., Loss of Signal on one of the E1s connected to the BU)
Tab. 3.2 Terminal Station BU LED Indications
3.3.2 CPE Interface LED
Each CPE Interface module has a single LED, which provides indications as to theoperation of the CPE channel. The color coding of the CPE Interface LED is describedin Section 3.3.2.1.
3.3.2.1 BU-TS LEDs Color Coding
Tab. 3.3 summarizes the various BU-TS LED states
LED State LED
Internal External CPE Interface
Blinking RED Disable Major Disable
RED Major Major Major
Blinking Yellow Loopback Loopback Loopback
Yellow Minor Minor Minor
Blinking Green Software Download
Green OK OK OK
Tab. 3.3 Terminal Station BU LEDs Color Coding
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3.4 RFU and Antenna
Fig. 3.7 RFU-TS and Integrated Antenna
The RFU converts the IF to RF, amplifies the signal to its correct level and transmits itthrough the antenna. The antenna is integrated into the cover of the RFU.
The integrated RFU-antenna features simple installation, with a single coaxial cableconnecting it to the indoor BU-TS. The integrated RFU-antenna also featuresadjustable tilt and elevation.
The RFU has a radio transmitter with up to 15 dBm power and a radio receiver withsensitivity of -87 dBm (@ BER 10
-9). The transmissions of the radio unit fully comply
with ETSI TM4.
RFU 3.5-GHz Planar Microstrip Antenna, 18
o
,
18 dBi, 25 x 25 x 8 cm. RFU 10.5-GHz Planar Microstrip Antenna, 8
o,25 dBi, 25 x 25 x 8 cm.
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4 Air Protocol
4.1 GeneralWALKair implements a proprietary air protocol for communication between the basestation and terminal stations. The air protocol is based on a TDMA/ FDMA/FDDscheme, which is illustrated in Fig. 4.1.
FDMA
TDMA
60 x 64 Kb/s
Real Time
Dynamic Allocation
TS 1
TS 16
PSTN / ISDN
Frame Relay/ATM
Frame RelayEthernet
ISDN
ATM
Leased Line
Carrier # 1
1.75 MHz
Carrier # 16
1.75 MHz
Carrier #n1.75 MHz
Base Station
TS n
Terminal Stations
1-16 x carriers1-16 x TS per carrier
TDMA
Fig. 4.1 WALKair Access Method Scheme
Each Base Station BU transmits and receives on one FDMA carrier. The entire avail-able frequency band is divided into radio channels of 1.75 MHz, and each is assignedto a BU-BS. FDMA is characterized by continuous access to the carrier in a given fre-quency band. No synchronization is required among BUs, and each BU can use itsown band without interference. The FDMA implementation is illustrated in Fig. 4.2 .
Base Station (BS)Sector
RFU
Antenna
Tx, Rx, DC
IF MUX
BU #3
BU #2
BU #1
BU #16
...
Up to 16BUs(16carriers)
f1 (1.75 MHz)
f2 (1.75 MHz)
f3 (1.75 MHz)
fn (1.75 MHz)
Up to 16 x 1.75 MHzcarriers
Fig. 4.2 WALKair FDMA
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Using TDMA, each BU handles the traffic of several remote Terminal Stations (typically2-10, maximum 16) shared at a radio bandwidth of 1.75 MHz. In TDMA, the time isdivided into time slots. Each time slot is pre-assigned to a Terminal Station (TS).During the assigned time slot, each TS is allowed to transmit freely. The time slotassignments are periodic, and each period is called a cycle or frame. A TS could beassigned to several time slots during a cycle. The TSs are synchronized on the basestation clock so that each one knows exactly when to transmit. The TDMA implemen-tation is illustrated in Fig. 4.3.
Base Station (BS)
Sector
TS1.
.
.
RFU +
Antenna
RFU
Antenna
Tx,Rx,DC
IF MUX
BU
BU #1
RFU +
Antenna
BU
Range = 300 m - 10 km
.
.
.
TDMA1 - 16 TS
TS16
Terminal Stations (TS)
One BS-BU supports up to
16 TS using TDMA
f1 - Single Carrier
Fig. 4.3 WALKair TDMA
With FDD (Frequency Duplexing Division), different frequencies are used for upstream(towards the Base Station) and downstream (towards the TS) allowing full duplexcommunications.
The air protocol supports access for a maximum of 16 Terminal Stations with maximumcombined traffic of 64 x 64 Kb/s data/voice channels in addition to 128 Kbps forsignaling.
The air access protocol includes the downstream air access protocol (BS TSs) andto the upstream air access protocol (TSs BS). The downstream air access protocolis built from one continuous transmission (broadcast) and has the capability ofproviding accurate timing and control to the TSs. The upstream air access protocol is
built from transmission bursts of the TSs (TDMA).
4.2 Air Protocol Allocation MechanismThe air protocol provides fixed allocation, which allows for transparent voice, data andsignaling over a bandwidth pre-allocated by the manager. Fixed allocation can varyfrom 64 Kbps up to 2 x E1, in 64 Kbps granularity. The allocation is symmetric in boththe uplink (from TS to BS) and downlink (from BS to TS) traffic directions. Bandwidthcan be allocated using LCI, during the commissioning phase. Changes in the allocatedbandwidth can be made at any time using the LCI.
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5 Management, Operation and Maintenance
5.1 GeneralThis section describes WALKair system management capabilities.
5.2 LCI TerminalThe LCI terminal is used for installing, provisioning and maintaining network elements.It is connected to BU-BSs and BU-TSs via the LCI port RS232 interface. All LCIsoftware resides in the BU. The LCI terminal must have a VT100 emulation software(e.g., Procomm, ProWin, PCPlus). The LCI terminal can also be used to manage the
Terminal Stations associated with the Base Station using the air link.Using the LCI terminal, the operator can obtain information regarding the current activeservices and regarding the resources (telecom and air links) that are being utilized bythe network elements. The information presented is at all time accurate and updated.
The LCI terminal is used to configure all network elements: Base Station elements andthe associated Terminal Stations. The BU-BSs and BU-TSs each store their currentconfiguration (hardware/software installation data, configuration data, operatingparameters, subscriber data) internally. The operator can always retrieve specific up-to-date information about the configuration of the system and the individual NEs via theoperator PC.
The operator can define parameters for each service provided by the WALKair system.The defined service can be attached to a specific port at the terminal station and at the
base station. Using the LCI terminal, the operator can define and/or retrieve thefollowing:
Physical installation data
New services
BU-BSs and BU-TSs, and individual ports connected to the elements
Current active alarms.
5.3 Management FeaturesThe following lists the management features provided by the LCI, by topic.
5.3.1 Configuration
The LCI terminal allows the user to configure:
Network elements
Radio parameters for establishing a link
Administrative parameters such as serial numbers, clock source, status
Service parameters such as allocation of the required distance between the BU-BSport and the TS port.
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5.3.2 Maintenance
The LCI terminal allows the user to:
Configure obtain status and provisioning information regarding a network element
Perform system testing functions such as loopback tests on the telecom interfaces
Obtain data regarding the current active alarms and errors
Obtain version control information.
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6 Specifications
General Specifications
Radio access method Multiple carrier TDMA / FDD
Supported distance 10 km
Spectral efficiency 2.5 bit/sec/Hz
Flexible bandwidth persingle user
64 Kbps to 2 x 2 Mbps*)
*) It is possible to double the capacity per user byusing 2 Terminal Stations with IF-MUX and singleoutdoor unit
System capacity per onebase station
65 Mbps @ 14 MHz, Single polarity*)
130 Mbps @ 28 MHz, Single polarity*)
*) It is possible, based on special requirement, todouble the bandwidth per cell by applying differentpolarization to adjacent sector antenna within thesame base station
Number of terminal stationsper one Base Station
up to 256 (depending on allocated bandwidth)
Modulation & codingtechnique
64QAM @ convolutional coding, rate 2/3
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Terminal Station Specifications
3.5 GHz
Frequency band Transmit: A: 3.40 to 3.44 GHzB: 3.43 to 3.47 GHzC: 3.46 to 3.50 GHz
Receive: A: 3.50 to 3.54 GHzB: 3.53 to 3.57 GHzC: 3.56 to 3.60 GHz
Output power 18 dBm
Antenna size 25 x 25 cm
Antenna beamwidth 18overtical and horizontal
Antenna gain 18 dBi
Standard compliance ETSI TM4 (ETS 301 021)
RF bandwidth 1.75 MHz
Receiver sensitivity -87 dBm (@ BER 10-9)
10.5 GHz
Frequency band Transmit: 10.50 to 10.65 GHzReceive: 10.15 to 10.30 GHz
Output power 15 dBm
Antenna size 25 x 25 cm
Antenna beamwidth 8overtical and horizontal
Antenna gain 25 dBi
Standard compliance ETSI TM4 (ETS 301 021)
RF bandwidth 1.75 MHz
Receiver sensitivity -87 dBm (@ BER 10-9)
Interfaces
Indoor Unit allows for up to3 telecom ports with thefollowing interfaces
E1/G.703
Services
Indoor Unit allows for up to3 telecom ports with thefollowing services
Leased Line (E1 or fractional E1)
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Dimensions
Indoor 44 cm (19) Width, 4.4 cm (1U) Height, 23 cm Depth,
Weight: 3 kg.Either rack mount, wall mount or desktop.
Outdoor 25 x 25 x 8 cm, including the antenna. Weight: 4 kg.Either pole mount or wall mount.
A single Coaxial cable connects the indoor to outdoordevice, (maximum distance depends on cable type, e.g.,and for LMR400 distances can be up to 150 m).
Power
Power consumption: 40 W
Power supply*): 48 VDC
or110/220 VAC 50/60 Hz
*) Power is supplied, from an external power supply, to theindoor device only
Environmental
Indoor device -5oC to +45
oC
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 3.2E standard)
Outdoor device -45oC to +55
oC
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 4.1E)
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Base Station Specifications
3.5 GHz
Frequency band Transmit: A: 3.40 to 3.44 GHzB: 3.43 to 3.47 GHzC: 3.46 to 3.50 GHz
Receive: A: 3.50 to 3.54 GHzB: 3.53 to 3.57 GHzC: 3.56 to 3.60 GHz
Output power up to 27 dBm
Antenna size Sector antenna of 120oor 60
oper sector
Antenna beamwidth 40 x 20 x 5 cm
Antenna gain 13 dBi (120o) or 16 dBi (60
o)
Standard compliance ETSI TM4
RF bandwidth Multiple 1.75 MHz(max. no. depends on allocated spectrum)
Receiver sensitivity -87 dBm (@ BER 10-9)
10.5 GHz
Frequency band Transmit: 10.15 to 10.30 GHzReceive: 10.50 to 10.65 GHz
Output power up to 27 dBm
Antenna size Sector antenna of 120oor 60
oper sector
Antenna beamwidth 75 x 20 x 15 cmAntenna gain 17 dBi (120
o) or 19 dBi (60
o)
Standard compliance ETSI TM4
RF bandwidth Multiple 1.75 MHz(max. no. depends on allocated spectrum)
Receiver sensitivity -87 dBm (@ BER 10-9)
Interfaces
Indoor Unit allows for up to3 telecom ports with thefollowing interfaces
E1/G.703
Services
Indoor Unit allows for up to3 telecom ports with thefollowing services
Leased Line (E1 or fractional E1)
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Dimensions
Indoor One or more stackable 44 cm (19) Width,
4.4 cm (1U) Height, 23 cm Depth and 3 kg Weight units.These are rack mount devices.
Outdoor 36 x 15 x 24 cm, not including the antenna. Weight: 9.5 kg.Pole mount device.
A single coaxial cable connects the indoor to outdoor device,(maximum distance depends on cable type, e.g., for LMR400distances can be up to 150 m)
Power
Power consumption for a single stackable unit: 40 W.
Power supply*): 48 VDC
*) Power is supplied, from an external power supply, to theindoor device only
Environmental
Indoor device -5oC to +45
oC
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 3.2E standard)
Outdoor device -45oC to +55
oC
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 4.1E)
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7 Abbreviations
AC Alternating Current
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BER Bit Error Rate
BRI Basic Rate Interface
BS Base Station
BU Base Station Basic Unit
BU Basic Unit
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
CPU Central Processing UnitCRC Cyclic Redundant Check
DC Direct Current
DLC Data Link Control
EOC Embedded Operation Channel
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FDD Frequency Duplexing Division
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
GHz Giga Hertz
IF Intermediate Frequency
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU-T International Telecommunications UnionTelecommunications Standardization Sector
LAN Local Area Network
LCI Local Craft Interface
LLC Logical Link Control
LOS Loss of Signal
MAC Media Access Control
Mbps Mega Bits per Second
MHz Mega Hertz
PABX Private Branch Exchange
PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler
PC Personal Computer
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PM Performance Monitoring
PMP Point-to-Multi-Point
PRI Primary Rate Interface
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
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RAM Random Access Memory
RF Radio Frequency
RFU Radio Frequency Unit
SME Small/Medium Enterprise
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TS Terminal Station
BU-TS Terminal Station Basic Unit
VAC Volts Alternating Current
VDC Volts Direct Current
WLL Wireless Local Loop
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