INNOVATION DEVELOPMENTValeria ShanksEducation 8841 Diffusion and Integration of Technology in Education

INTRODUCTION

What is the significance of Innovation development for computer technology in K-12 schools?

WHY WAS THERE A NEED TO INTRODUCE TECHNOLOGY?

Competition with Russia’s space program

RESEARCHWhat organization (people)

developed a solution to the problem?

What were the findings?

Who were the lead thinkers for innovation of computer technology?

DEVELOPMENTWhat problems were

encountered in the development process?

Who was the intended audience for computer technology?

COMMERCIALIZATIONProcess for production,

manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution for Apple which was the first company to donate computers to schools.

Computers evolve through innovation-decision process

KnowledgePersuasion

DecisionImplementation

Confirmation

Stage 1—KnowledgeComputer innovation

Apple I PC computers are donated to classrooms

Stage II-Persuasion1979 ---Personal computers

popularity grows worldwide

1981---IBM develops drill and practice software for schools

Stages 3 and 4Decision/Implementation

1983 Apple II computer gains acceptance into classrooms

Stage 5--Confirmation1984—Apple Macintosh computer is

developed1986– K-12 schools use computers for

instruction and guidance purposes1990—Multimedia PCs are developed1994—multimedia capabilities are

popularized in schools1995—and beyond Internet gains

popularity in schools

Timeline for computer innovation decision process

YEAR IMPACT/RESULT1965 Mainframes/minicomputers used in

school administration and counseling

1971 Micro processors are developed PCs are used in businesses

1971 Mainframes/minicomputers used in business

1975 Apple I PC computers are donated to classrooms

1979 Personal Computers grow in worldwide popularity

1981 IBM develops drill and practice software for schools

1983 Apple II computer gains acceptance in classrooms

1984 Apple Macintosh computer is developed

1986 K-12 schools use computers for instruction and guidance purposes

1990 and beyond Multimedia PCs are developed and multimedia capabilities are popularized in schoolsInternet gains popularity in schools and becomes an invaluable resource for educatorsGoogle and Yahoo become popular web search engines

Innovativeness and Five Adopter Categories

Innovators: Venturesome

Early Adopters RespectEarly Majority DeliberateLate Majority Skeptical

Laggards: TraditionalTraditional

Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations

S Curve for ComputersThe S Curve for the Personal

computer has reached maturity.

Who are the least likely to adopt computer technology?

Late Majority: Skeptical

Laggards: Traditional

Attributes that affect computer technology adoption

1.Relative advantage2. Compatibility3. Trialability

Computer technology adoption(Benefits)

Connection with business and government

Enhances problem solving skillsCollaboration and distance educationExposure to variety of computer

programs and software (sharing data)Meets challenges of global

communicationPreparation for current and future job

marketStudents produce higher-quality work

Predictability for future usage

Schools must alter teaching strategies

Generate support for technology from parents, community, and business personnel

Continual professional development activities for educators on technology usage

Equitable distribution of computers among socioeconomic groups

Hybrid ---centralized and decentralized

combines centralized and decentralized

1. (overall control will rest with local experts) (Research)

2. Encourage diffusion through peer networks

3. Problem-centered approach created by needs

4. A high-degree of local adaptation

Change Agents for adoption of computer technology

School SuperintendentsCurriculum DirectorsPrincipalsTeachers

Change agent for technology integration

1) develop a need for change2) establish an information

exchange relationship3) translate an intent into action

Computer Technology Critical MassComputer technology has

reached critical mass.My proposal is to integrate

technology in K-12 schools that has not adopted a school-wide plan for technology usage.

Every teacher and child have access to a computer for instructional purposes.

REFERENCESA brief history of computers in education (n.d.)Science and Technology Communications.

Retrieved from http://mstf.org/a-brief-history-of-computers-in-education.htm

Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.) Early History Retrieved from <a href=

http://ecommerce.hostip.info/pages/51/Apple-Computer-Inc-EARLY-HISTORY.html>

Cator, K. (2011). Cator says national tech plan puts learning first. T.H.E. Journal, 38 (1).

Lu, R., Overbaugh, R. (2009). School environment and technology implementation in K-12

classrooms. Computers in the Schools, 26 89-106, DOI: 10.1080/07380560902906096.

Murdock, Everett (2007) History, the History of Computers, and the History of Computers in

Education. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html.

Rogers, E. (1962) Diffusion of innovations. Free Press, London, NY, USA.

Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

Zuniga, R., (2010) Computer Technology Integration Into the Public School Classroom - A

Qualitative Update. Academic Leadership the Online Journal. Retrieved from

http://www.academicleadership.org/article/Computer_Technology_Integration_Into_the_Pu

blic_School_Classroom_-_A_Qualitative_Update