COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR IV

ESCUELA:

NOMBRES:

Ciencias de la Educación Carrera de Inglés

César Ochoa Cueva, M.S.Ed.

BIMESTRE: Segundo Bimestre

Octubre 2011-Febrero 2012

Modals of AdvisabilityUse modals to talk about actions and states that were

advisable in the past, but did not happen.

You should have done the laundry.

+ past participle

should haveought to havecould havemight have

ContractionsUse contractions in informal writing and speaking.

Joe could have mowed the lawn.

He might have washed the car.

You should not have gone away.

Joe could’ve

He might’ve

You shouldn’t

Negative StatementsUse should not have and ought not to have for

negative statements.

You shouldn’t have goneshouldn’t have gone away.

Amy ought not to haveought not to have left.

QuestionsShould have is the most common form used in

questions.

Should Amy have stayed

at home?

Should Joe have done

the laundry?

Short Answers

Use the modal and have to make short answers.

Should Amy have stayed

at home?

Should Joe have done

the laundry?

Yes, she should have.

No, he shouldn’t

have.

Be (not) Past Participle (by + Object)

Sunny Video was burglarized.

A case is being reviewed by a judge.

The videos were not stolen.

Subject

Passive Voice = Be + Past Participle + (by + Object)

A nice song was sung by Richard Marx.

Form of the Passive Voice

Active Voice = Richard Marx sang a nice song. (simple past)

The police arrested the criminal.

The criminal was arrested by the police.

Subject is doing the action.

Active voice

Subject is receiving the action.

Passive voice

Active sentences focus on the agent (person or thing doing the action). Passive sentences focus on the object (person or thing receiving the action).

Active vs. Passive

The case is reviewed by a judge.

Passive Voice

A judge reviews the case.

Someone removed the videos. The videos were removed.

The jury didn’t find the defendant guilty.

The defendant wasn’t found guilty.

Active Voice

Active vs. Passive

Use the passive voice when the agent of the action is unknown or not important.

Pictures and fingerprints are taken.

Jurors are selected.

Use of Passive Voice

Use the passive voice when we want to avoid mentioning the agent.

Paulo committed a crime.

A crime was committed.

Active voicePaolo is

responsible.

Passive voiceWe don’t know

who is responsible.

Use of Passive Voice

Use a by phrase when it is important to know who performs the action.

The video store was burglarized

by a former employeeby a former employee.

The information is surprising.

By Phrases

Present Real Conditionals

If people get sickIf people get sick, , they sometimes try herbsthey sometimes try herbs..

If your body temperature is above 37.8If your body temperature is above 37.8ºº,, you have a feveryou have a fever..

Use present real conditionals for general truths. Usethe simple present in both clauses.

if clause result clause

if clause result clause

Present Real Conditionals

If people get sick,

if clause result clause

they try herbal remedies.

Conditional sentences have an if clause (condition)and a result clause.

Present Real Conditionals

If I’m feeling sick, I eat more garlic.

if clausesimple present or present progressive

result clausesimple present

Use real conditionals for habits and things thathappen again and again.

When

If I have a sore throat, I take honey bee.

When I have a sore throat, I take honey bee.

You can often use when instead of if.

Use if with Modals

If you aren’t sleeping well, you can drink chamomile tea.

If you get a burn, you might use aloe gel.

You can use modals in the result clause.

Use if with Imperatives

If you take herbs, tell your doctor.

If you have a headache, make a lavender compress.

You can use imperatives in the result clause.

Clause Order

If you have motion sickness, eat ginger root.

if clause result clause

if clauseresult clause

Eat ginger root if you have motion sickness.

If you have motion sickness, eat ginger root.

A conditional sentence can begin with the if clause or the result clause.

Use with Negatives

If I’m not sleeping well, I don’t drink coffee.

If I drink slippery elm tea, I don’t cough as much.

You can make either or both clauses negative.

Indirect SpeechWhen the reporting verb is in the simple past, the verb tense in the indirect speech statement often changes.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Simple Present

Present Progressive

Simple Past Tense

Present Perfect

Simple PastSimple Past

Past ProgressivePast Progressive

Past PerfectPast Perfect

Past Perfect

Indirect Speech

Modals often change in indirect speech.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

will

can

may

must

wouldwould

couldcould

mightmight

had tohad to

Indirect SpeechThe following modals do not change in indirect speech: should, could, might, and ought to.

“You shouldn’t shouldn’t telltell this secret to anyone.”

She said I shouldn’t tellshouldn’t tell this secret to anyone.

“You ought to ought to telltell this to a friend.”

!! He said I ought to tellought to tell this to a friend.

“I could have gottencould have gotten help from a tutor.”

He said he could have gottencould have gotten help from a tutor.He said if he had studied,had studied, he would have gottenwould have gotten an A.

“I thought I had chosenhad chosen the easy teacher.”“If I had studied,had studied, I would would have gottenhave gotten an A.”

He said he thought he had had chosenchosen the easy teacher.

Indirect SpeechThe following do not change in indirect speech: the past perfect, the present and past unreal conditional, and past modals.

Indirect Yes / No Questions

Whether is more formal than if. We often use whether or not to report yes/no questions.

The new guy asked whether or ……………….…..not he could take a break. “Can I take a

break?”

The new guy asked when the next office party was.He also asked how many copies he could make.

“How many copies can I make?”

Wh- QuestionsUse question words in indirect wh- questions.

“When is the next office party?”

Word Order Use statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order, for indirect yes/no questions.

“Can you turn off the fax machine?”

He asked me if I could turn off the fax machine.

Word OrderUse statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order, for indirect wh- questions about the predicate (usually the last part of the sentence).

“Why do the meetings last so long?”

He asked why the meetings lasted so long.

He asked me do I have any new video games.any new video games.

if I had

AuxiliariesIn indirect questions, do not use the auxiliary do, does, or did.

“Do you have any new video games?”

BibliographyAdvanced learner center.

(2000),MyEnglishTeacher.net. Retrieved June 13th , 2011, from http://www.myenglishteacher.net

Fuchs, M. & Bonner, M. , Focus on Grammar 4

Pearson Education , White Plains, NY 10606, 2006

Richards, J., New Interchange 2

Cambridge University Press, 1998

Richards, J., New Interchange 3

Cambridge University Press, 1998