ESCUELA: INGLÉS

PROFESOR:

COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR II

MGS. PAOLA A. CABRERA SOLANO

BIMESTRE: SEGUNDO

Octubre 2011-Febrero 2012

SECOND TERM

The Past of Be

UNIT SEVEN: THERE IS / THERE ARE; PRONOUNS; QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY

UNIT EIGHT: REVIEW AND CONTRAST; VERBS AND PRONOUNS

UNIT NINE: THE FUTURE

UNIT TEN: NOUNS, QUANTIFIERS, AND PRONOUNS

UNIT ELEVEN: MODALS: PERMISSION / REQUESTS; DESIRES; OFFERS; ADVICE; NECESSITY

UNIT TWELVE: COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES; ADVERBS

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UNIT VII: THERE IS / THERE ARE; PRONOUNS; QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY

There is / There are; Is there ….? Are there…? Some examples…

• We use there is or there’s to state facts about a person or thing.

• We use there are to talk about people or things.

• There isn’t … there aren’t.

• We use any with yes/no questions about plural nouns.

• We use there is or there’s to state facts about a person or thing.

• We use there are to talk about people or things.

• There isn’t … there aren’t.

• We use any with yes/no questions about plural nouns.

There is a woman at the department.

There are six tables there.

There aren’t any gyms near our house.

Are there any stores in this city?

There is a woman at the department.

There are six tables there.

There aren’t any gyms near our house.

Are there any stores in this city?

SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS; DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

SSOME EXAMPLES …

• A pronoun replaces a noun. A subject pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.

• An object pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.

• A direct object answers the question “whom” or “what”.

• An indirect object answers the question “to whom” or “to what”.

• A pronoun replaces a noun. A subject pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.

• An object pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.

• A direct object answers the question “whom” or “what”.

• An indirect object answers the question “to whom” or “to what”.

William works / He works

Susan called PaulSusan called him DO IO

She gave the CD to her. IO DO

She gave her the CD. DO IO

She gave it to her.

William works / He works

Susan called PaulSusan called him DO IO

She gave the CD to her. IO DO

She gave her the CD. DO IO

She gave it to her.

Count and Non –Count Nouns; Articles

Affirmative Statements – Negative Statements

IMPORTANT: Some, any, a few, a litle: Review page 242.

Affirmative Statements – Negative Statements

IMPORTANT: Some, any, a few, a litle: Review page 242.

Count nouns : Nouns that we can

countNon-count nouns:

Nouns that we cannot count

Singular Count Nouns: a , an, one (bag)Plural Count Nouns: five, some, a few, a lot of, many (pencil, book)Non – Count Nouns: a little, some, a lot of (motivation, salt)

The Simple Present and Present Progressive; Adverbs and Expressions of Frequency

The Simple Present and Present Progressive; Adverbs and Expressions of Frequency

SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …

Simple present: to tell about habits, customs, regular occurrences, routines, or facts.

Present progressive: to tell or ask about an action that is happening right now or these days.

Adverbs of frequency Expressions of

frequency

Simple present: to tell about habits, customs, regular occurrences, routines, or facts.

Present progressive: to tell or ask about an action that is happening right now or these days.

Adverbs of frequency Expressions of

frequency

I go to the park.Does he like fruits?I’m listening pop music

right now.Is he watching a movie?How often do you go to the

gym?They always walk.

I go to the park.Does he like fruits?I’m listening pop music

right now.Is he watching a movie?How often do you go to the

gym?They always walk.

Every dayTwiceThree timesSeveral timesOnce in a while

UNIT VIII: REVIEW AND CONTRAST; VERBS AND PRONOUNS

ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY

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Pages 267, and

268Gerunds Infinitives

Simple Past

Non – action verbs Some examples….

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• We like the beach.• I prefer milk instead of coffee.•This car costs a lot of money.• I am very tired now.

UNIT IX: THE FUTURE

There are different ways to express the future:Be + going to + the base form of the verb: I’m going to study English tomorrow.

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Be going to …Be going to …SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …

Facts about the future. Make predictions. Talk about plans. Probably. Future Time markers. The present progressive

+ a future time marker.

Facts about the future. Make predictions. Talk about plans. Probably. Future Time markers. The present progressive

+ a future time marker.

The congress is going to be in Florida.

There is going to be a change in the climate.

I’m going to travel tomorrow.

I’m travelling next week.

The congress is going to be in Florida.

There is going to be a change in the climate.

I’m going to travel tomorrow.

I’m travelling next week.

WILL FOR THE FUTURE; FUTURE TIME MARKERSWILL FOR THE FUTURE; FUTURE TIME MARKERS SOME EXAMPLESSOME EXAMPLES

Nouns are names of people, places, and things that will take place in the future.

We use contractions of will with pronouns in speaking and informal writing.

Nouns are names of people, places, and things that will take place in the future.

We use contractions of will with pronouns in speaking and informal writing.

The grammar class will begin next month.

Will they be there? He’s going to take this

course. Not: He’s going to takes a

course.

The grammar class will begin next month.

Will they be there? He’s going to take this

course. Not: He’s going to takes a

course.

We use “Will” to ……

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Pages 311 - 313

WILL / MAY / MIGHTWILL / MAY / MIGHTSOME EXAMPLES ….SOME EXAMPLES ….

USE:

Will for predictions. Will to make a promise or

give assurance. Will to ask for or offer

something.

Won’t is the contaction of Will + not

REVIEW: MAY AND MIGHT PAGE 321

USE:

Will for predictions. Will to make a promise or

give assurance. Will to ask for or offer

something.

Won’t is the contaction of Will + not

REVIEW: MAY AND MIGHT PAGE 321

In 2050 there will be more mega-cities.

I’ll be back tomorrow. Will you help me? I won’t be at the birthday

party next week. May is a little more

possible than might

In 2050 there will be more mega-cities.

I’ll be back tomorrow. Will you help me? I won’t be at the birthday

party next week. May is a little more

possible than might

NOUNSNOUNSSOME EXAMPLESSOME EXAMPLES

Some and any refer to an amount.

Some in affirmative Any in negative Any or some can be used

with plural count-nouns and non-count nouns.

To count non-count nouns we use containers.

Some and any refer to an amount.

Some in affirmative Any in negative Any or some can be used

with plural count-nouns and non-count nouns.

To count non-count nouns we use containers.

He bought some calendars.

I didn’t buy any books. Did you buy any milk? She drank two glasses of

water.

He bought some calendars.

I didn’t buy any books. Did you buy any milk? She drank two glasses of

water.

UNIT X: NOUNS

TOO MANY / TOO MUCH

TOO MANY / TOO MUCH

SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …

Too many and too much mean more than the right amount.

Too many before plural count- nouns

Too much before non-count nouns.

Too few is the opposite of too many.

Too little is the opposite of too much.

Too many and too much mean more than the right amount.

Too many before plural count- nouns

Too much before non-count nouns.

Too few is the opposite of too many.

Too little is the opposite of too much.

Too many people registered for that course.

It costs too much money. There were too few chairs. There was too little time.

Too many people registered for that course.

It costs too much money. There were too few chairs. There was too little time.

POSSESIVESPOSSESIVES SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …

A possessive adjective shows belonging.

A possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and a noun.

A noun never follows a possessive pronoun.

The verb that follows a possessive pronoun agrees with the noun it replaces.

A possessive adjective shows belonging.

A possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and a noun.

A noun never follows a possessive pronoun.

The verb that follows a possessive pronoun agrees with the noun it replaces.

Possessive Adjective:My, Your, His, Her, Our, Their, and Its.My name is Paola.His car is red.Possessive pronoun: Mine, Yours, His, Hers,

Ours, and TheirsYour car is blue.Mine is black.

Possessive Adjective:My, Your, His, Her, Our, Their, and Its.My name is Paola.His car is red.Possessive pronoun: Mine, Yours, His, Hers,

Ours, and TheirsYour car is blue.Mine is black.

MODALSMODALS SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …

Can or May for Permission. May is more formal than

can. There is not contraction for

may not. Can or May + the base form

of the verb. Requests: Would you..,

Could you…, Can you..

Can or May for Permission. May is more formal than

can. There is not contraction for

may not. Can or May + the base form

of the verb. Requests: Would you..,

Could you…, Can you..

May / Can I go to the party?

You can’t drive a truck on this road.

Would you please help me carry these books?

Can you go with me?

May / Can I go to the party?

You can’t drive a truck on this road.

Would you please help me carry these books?

Can you go with me?

UNIT XI: MODALS: PERMISSION / REQUESTS; DESIRES; OFFERS; ADVICE; NECESSITY

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Should

Should• To give advice• To talk about what is right to do.

Should notShould not

•Negative•Shouldn’t = contraction (speaking and informal writing

Ought toOught to

• Means the same as should• It is not usually used in questions or

negatives. We use should instead. (Use Maybe or I think.. before)

MODALS + BASE FORM OF THE VERB

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Had betterHad

better

• To give advice ( present or future)• It is stronger than should.• It is followed by the base form of the verb.• ‘d better in speaking and informal writing. (Had does not refer to the

past

Have to

Don’t have to

Have to

Don’t have to

Must / Mustn’tMust /

Mustn’t

• To talk about things that are necessary. • We usually use have to in speaking and informal writing.• Have to is different from the verb have.

• To talk about things that are necessary.• Must is stronger than have to. • The past of must and have to is had to.

UNIT XII: UNIT TWELVE: COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES; ADVERBS

COMPARISONSCOMPARISONS

We use the comparative form of an adjective + than to compare people, places, or things.

We use the comparative form of an adjective + than to compare people, places, or things.

COMPARISONSCOMPARISONS

• Good – Better• Bad – Worse• Far - Farther

Good, bad, and far (Irregular adjectives)

•Use the object pronoun after than.

•Use the subject pronoun after than

Object pronoun (Informal)

Subject pronoun (formal)

• To show how people, places, or things are alike. He is as tall as Mike (Not….)

as + adjective + as

•For things that are alike.the same as

Adverbs of manner describe action verbs. They say how or in what manner something happens.

They usually come at the end of the sentence. (Slowly, well, fast, carefully, fluently,) Review pages 423 and 424.

Enough means sufficient - Too means more than necessary.

We use Much to make comparisons stronger - He’s much younger than me.

Adverbs of manner describe action verbs. They say how or in what manner something happens.

They usually come at the end of the sentence. (Slowly, well, fast, carefully, fluently,) Review pages 423 and 424.

Enough means sufficient - Too means more than necessary.

We use Much to make comparisons stronger - He’s much younger than me.

THANK YOU

FOR YOUR

ATTENTION

e-mail: pacabrera@utpl.edu.ec

GOOD LUCK!