Post on 21-Feb-2016
description
WELCOMETO THE
SEMINAR SESSIONPRESENTING BY
ANEESH KS5 ME
REG. NO: 13021902
USE, NEEDS AND PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL
ON THE TOPIC
WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
Biodiesel, a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from variety of vegetable oils or animal fats, designated as B100, and confirming to different quality standards e.g. ASTM D 6751, EN14214 or IS 15607.
ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL Produced from renewable materials – eco friendly / closed
CO2 cycle.
Local & self production – less reliance on foreign oil. Contains practically no sulfur (0.001%) – non toxic. Considerably decreases emissions (up to 50%). Easily decomposes – does not harm soil or ground water. Biodiesel is not hazardous material (flashpoint above 110°C). Eligible as fuels under international standards & specifications
(world-wide). Eligible for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism - Kyoto
Treaty).
CLOSED CO2 CYCLE BY BIODIESEL
BIODIESEL DRAWBACKS
Biodiesel can be corrosive to rubber materials.
Biodiesel is not necessarily more economic than regular diesel. Depend on the plants, their related processes and, other incentives.
Biodiesel can last up to 6 months. In 6-12 months need to be treated.
USE OF BIODIESEL
MAJOR USE OF BIODIESEL For running IC engine Producing Hydrogen for Fuel-Cell Vehicles Cleaning Up Oil Spills Generating Electricity Camping: Cooking and Illumination Cleaning Up Tools and Grease Adding Lubricity to Diesel Fuel Removing Paint and Adhesives Asphalt Cleanup Agent
MAJOR USE OF BIO-DIESEL Hand Cleaner Crop Adjuvant Screen Printing Ink Remover Auto Wax Remover Corrosion Preventative Metal Working Lubricant
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WHILE USING BIODIESEL AS FUEL IN IC
ENGINE Main Problems:
These fuels are too thick. The must be thinned to function in a diesel engine
How? By heating or a by chemical reaction (the chemical reaction is the biodiesel production)
Problem is worse the lower the temperature Modified engines still typically use SVO in conjunction
with diesel for start up and shut down
NEED OF BIODIESEL
WHAT IS TODAY’S NEED OF BIODIESEL?
Energy security Economic development Mitigation of climate change
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
MAJOR SOURCES OF BIODIESEL
Rapeseed (Europe) Soybean (US) Atrophy (Africa, India) Castor Bean (Africa, China, S. America) Palm Oil (Tropical areas)
STEPS IN PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
Extraction of vegetable oil from oilseed/crop Tansesterification reaction for converting vegetable
oil to crude biodiesel Washing of crude biodiesel
BIODIESEL – CROPS & YIELDS
Oil Content US gal/acre
Liters oil/ha
Kg oil/ha Crop
50% - 55% 151 1413 1188 Castor beans70% 287 2689 2260 Coconut
12% 18 172 145 Corn (maize)
13% - 15% 35 325 273 Cotton
30% - 35% 202 1892 1590 Jatropha
35% 635 5950 5000 Palm oil
36% 113 1059 890 Peanuts
37% 127 1190 1000 Rapeseed
15% 48 446 375 Soybean
32% 102 952 800 Sunflower
METHODS FOR EXTRATION OF VEGITABLE OIL FROM OIL SEED/CROP
Solvent Extraction Standard technology for facilities with daily capacities
of greater than 300 tons per day Commonly used in conjunction with some form of
mechanical extractionMechanical Extraction
Typically used for facilities with daily capacities of less than 150 tons per day
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
The basic process:Solvent Application
Solvent is applied to the pre-pressed material The solvent bonds to the oil in the material
Solvent & oil mixture is removed from the mealThe oil is then separated from the solvent which is
reused in the process
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Benefits: Solvent Extraction is capable of recovering of 99% of
the oil contained in the seed Lowest cost per ton for commercial processing
Challenges: Large capital investment Not feasible for small-scale processing Environmental concerns
MECHANICAL EXTRACTION
The basic process: Seed Preparation
Removal of foreign objects Removal of seed hulls or shells for some seeds
Extraction Seed is processed by a mechanical press
Removing 65-80% of oil contained in the seed
MECHANICAL EXTRACTION
Required Equipment Mechanical Press Power source for the press Seed Bins Meal Bins Oil Tanks Pumps, Filters, Plumbing
TRANSESTIRIFICATION REACTION
It a chemical reaction to concert vegetable oil to bio-diesel.
In which the vegetable oil is reacted with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce bio-diesel and glycerol
TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION
Glycerol
O O OMe Me Me
O = O =O =HO
HO
HO
Biodiesel(Methyl Ester Alcohol)
3 ester alcohol + 1 glycerine
O = O OO = OO =
Triglyceride
1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol
3 MeOH
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF BIODIESEL & VEGITABLE OIL
Fats and oils have quite big molecules with a spinal of glycerol on which are bond three fatty acid rests.By the transesterification, the fatty acid rests are removed from the glycerol and each is bond with methanol.
The products are one mole glycerol and three mole of fatty acid methyl ester.
SCHEMATIC OF THE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
CATALYST
CATALYST ?
“Chemical marriage brokers”The presence of a catalyst facilitates reactions that would be kinetically impossible or very slow without a catalyst
VARIOUS CATALYSTS USED IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
• Base Catalysts: NaOH, KOH, NaMeO• Acid Catalysts: H2SO4, PTSA, MSA, H3PO4, CaCO3
Typical base concentrations are :NaOH/KOH – 0.3 to 1.5 %Na MeO – 0.5 % or less
• Sulfated Zeolites & Clays• Hetro-poly acids• Metal Oxides, Sulfates• Composite materials
Homogenous
Heterogeneous
HOMOGENEOUS VERSUS HETEROGENEOUS
HOMOGENOUS
The catalyst, reactants and products are all in one phase, normally the liquid phase. The reactions proceed over a intermediate complex and are often highly selective, but separation of the products and the catalyst is difficult.
HETROGENOUS
The catalyst is in one phase, normally solid, while the reactants and products are in another phase. Separation of catalyst and products is easy, but the reaction is often less selective, because the catalyst material is not homogeneous
LAY-OUT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESSOR
A- REACTORB- SEPERATORD- PRODUCT
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Biodiesel
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA
The final product of transesterification process is crude biodiesel
It needs a purification process to use.
WASHING OF CRUDE BIODIESEL
Water wash only (a misting of water over the fuel, draining water off the bottom)
Air bubble wash (slow bubbling of air through the fuel)
Air/water bubble wash (with water in the bottom of the tank, bubbling air through water and then the fuel)
THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE PROCESSES- BIODIESEL
WILL LOOK LIKE THIS
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS ?
Thank You all for your precious time
BYANEESH K