WEL COME

SSNAIKTNAU, Ph.D Scholar

TERM PAPER PRESENTATIONON

URBAN PEST-HOUSE URBAN PEST-HOUSE FLY FLY

ENT 615DOEMISTIC, VETERINARY AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

CPPS,TNAU,COIMBATORE-641 003

NAME :SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIKID. NO: 2015800506YEAR: I Ph. D (2015)DEPT.: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Introduction

Conclusion

PART I

PART II

PART III

INDEX

Common house fly Little house fly

Integrated Fly Management

INTRODUCTION

PART I

INTRODCUTION Which insect described as true fly ? Dragonflies, mayflies, fireflies, caddisflies, butterflies etc., HOUSE FLY-TRUE FLY / Two winged flies Cosmopolitan pest Farm and home /urban pest Nuisance and disease causing insects vectors of over 100 human and animal pathogenic organisms 36, 83, 000 bacteria-slum 19, 41,000 bacteria -cleaner Potential threat to the human and the animals Filth fly/ Synanthropic fly

TAXONOMIC POSITION

Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Muscidae Genus : Musca Species : domestica

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Order: Diptera Nematocera Brachycera CyclorrhaphaTipuloidea Psychodoidea CuliodeaAnisopodoideaBibionoideamycetophiloidea

Tabanoidea AsiloideaEmpidoidea

LonchopteroideaPhoroideaSyrphoideaMicropezoideaNothyboideaOtioideaSciomyzoideaLauxanioideaPallopteroideaAnthomyzoideaAgromyzoideaCholoropoideaDrosophiloideaMuscoideaCalliphoroidea

Greek meaning ‘di’- two, ‘ptera’- wingsFouth largest order of insectsHigly structurally evolved order

DIFFERENTIATION

Nematocera Brachycera Cyclorrhapha Thread horn Antennae is long Larval head-developed Mandibulate MP Obtect pupa Straight split

Short horn Antennae is short Retractile head Mandibulate MP Exarate pupa Straight split

Circular crack Antennae is aristate Larval head-vestigial Mouth hooks Coarctate pupa Circular split Ptilinum

Nematocera

Brachycera

Cyclorrhapha

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COMMON SPECIES

PART II

COMMON HOUSE FLY

LITTLE HOUSE FLY

HOUSE FLY Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Muscidae Genus : Musca Species : domestica

Short, aristate antenna, plumose

Compound eyes are large

Sponging type of mouth parts.

Telescopic last abdominal segments Pseudo ovipositorBody covered with the hairs

abdominal segments yellowish in colour Single pair of membranous wings

Prothorax

Mesothorax Meta thorax

Reduced wing traceation

Tarsus 5 segmented

How can we differentiate a female and male house fly ?

Male

Female

1. Labellum2. Lower lip (labium)3. Maxillary palp 4. upper lip (labrum)5. Subgenal area 6. Clypeus 7. Fronto-orbital area8. Fronto-orbital bristles 9. Outer vertical bristle10. inner vertical bristle11. postocellar bristles (postvertical bristles in old literature)12. Ocelli13. Ocellar bristles14. compound eye 15. Frontal suture or ptilinal suture 16. antenna 17. Arista 18. Vibrissa

HOUSE FLY MOUTH PARTS AND ITS FEEDING MECHANISM

FEEDING MECHANISM

Heaps of accumulated animal faecesMoisture (not too wet), Texture (not too solid) and Freshness (normally within a week after deposition).

BREEDING SITES

Garbage and waste from food processing

Garbage provides the main medium for breeding. It includes waste associated with the Preparation of the food Cooking and serving of food at home and in public places, handling, Storage and sale of food,Fruits and vegetables markets

Dung

BREEDING SITES

Sewage Houseflies also breed in sewage sludge and solid organic waste in

open drains, cesspools (underground pools for household sewage) and cesspits.

Accumulated plant materials Piles of decaying grass clippings, compost heaps and other

accumulations of rotting vegetable matter serve as good breeding places for flies

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

House flies are strongly suspected of transmitting at least 65 diseases to humans, including typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, poliomyelitis, yaws, anthrax, tularemia, leprosy and tuberculosis

Houseflies can transmit intestinal worms, or their eggs

This common fly originated on the steppes of central Asia,

Now occurs on all inhabited continents,

All climates from tropical to temperate, and in a variety of environments ranging from rural to urban.

It is commonly associated with animal faeces, but has adapted well to feeding on garbage, so it is abundant almost anywhere people live.

DISTRIBUTION

DISPERSAL

House flies will disperse all directions from a single source in urban areas; Dispersal is tied to food availability and flies tend to stay at food source (only 8-30% disperse beyond source dairy or poultry facility) (38% disperse

beyond 1 mile or more from woodland release site) Facility clean-out and spreading manure on fields can be major times for fly

dispersal Rate of dispersal increases above 53° F and when breeding materials are

scarce Flies move upwind with steady 2-7 mph wind as they move towards attractive

sites, otherwise movement is non-directional “random”; another study threshold was 10 mph for directed movement

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) can increase local fly densities

DISPERSAL

Stafford, 2008

COMPARISON OF DISPERSAL BETWEEN RURAL, URBAN AND FARM AREAS

Stafford, 2008

BIOLOGY & LIFE CYCLE Their thorax is gray, with four longitudinal dark lines. The underside abdomen -yellow, Body covered with hair.

4-5 days period500 eggs (5-6 batches) 12-24 HoursRice grain like

Holometabolous development

Cylindrical shape Tapering anteriorlySpiracular platesCreamy white colour

Muscalure, (Z)-9-tricosene

Puparium3-4 daysPuparium 2-4 weeks in summer

longer in cooler weatherDiurnal active fliersCeiling, roofs, walls, posts and other surfaces

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE INDOOR AND OUT DOOR MANURE PITS

BREEDING AND PUPATION ZONE

CHANGES IN THE PUPA yellow, red, brown, to black

TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE HOUSE FLY

Stafford, 2008

TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE ADULT FLY ACTIVITY

LESSER HOUSE FLY

Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Muscidae Genus : Fannia Species : carnicularis

Lesser house fly was first recorded in Hawaii in 1901 Frequently encountered in poultry houses. They have an erratic flight pattern Flying in large numbers around indoor light fittings. Tolerant of cool conditions This species survives the winter mainly in the form of pupae, adults remain active and reproduce throughout the year in warm conditions Makes longer flights and spends less time resting Females of the species tend to remain near the breeding sites and Only the males migrate Less prone to transmit disease

INTRODUCTION

BREEDING MATERIAL

Poultry manure

Moist decaying organic material

BIOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE Holometabolous development

DIFFERENCES

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COMMON HOUSE FLY LESSER HOUSE FLY

They are highly active indoors Intolerant to cooler conditions Generally manure, garbage and decaying organic materials Less flights maximum 8 km No erratic flight movement Spending more time in the resting

Females will do the migration

Around indoor light fittings Tolerant to cooler conditions Mainly poultry manure and other decaying organic material Longer flights more than 8 km Erratic flight behaviour-circular flights Spending more time in the flight than

the resting Males will do the migration than the

females

General :

DIFFERENCES ………………….

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Biology & Life cycle: Blackish- gray fly with the mottled yellow abdomen

No dark stripes down its back

Smaller that the common house fly

Wings are overlapping V shape Fourth longitudinal vein straight Larva is brownish in colour Life cycle completes 15-30 days

10 days old

Grayish fly with yellowish abdomen

Four dark stripes

Bigger than the little house fly

Wings no over lapping Fourth longitudinal vein curved Larva is creamy white in colour

and cylindrical in shape Life cycle completes within 6-10

days 48 hours after emergence

oviposition

DIFFERENCES ………………….

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Biology & Life cycle:

Pearly white cylindrical eggs

Eggs cannot have the mechanism to float in the liquid medium

No hairy protuberances present on the maggot

Banana shaped eggs

Eggs longitudinal stripes so that they can float on the liquid medium

Hairy protuberances present on the

maggot and flattened with numerous spines

DIFFERENCES ………………….

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DIFFERENCES ………………….

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DIFFERENCES ………………….

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INTEGRATED FLY MANAGEMENT

Cultural manure controlMechanical controlBiological control Chemical control

CULTURAL CONTROL First step is the removal of the maggot food source/ breeding material Removal of wet manure twice in a week The manure can be spread or the added to the liquid medium Wet straw, shredded paper, coarse saw dust should not be piled up near the

buildings Maintain the moist levels low below 50 percent by leaking or the ventilation

CULTURAL CONTROL …..

CULTURAL CONTROL

Remove the garbage regularly

The garbage cans should have tight fitting lids, should be cleaned regularly

and located far from the doors

Exterior lights should be sodium vapour type placed at least 30 feet away and

directed towards the premises

MECHANICAL CONTROL

Adult flies can be trapped using the mechanical traps with adequate numbers, right place

Install fly entry proofing measures such as screens in all opening premises, with 18 mesh screens, double doors, air curtains on large shutters.

Various sticky or adhesive traps and electrocuting traps or “bug zapper Bait traps also effective traps Pheromone trap for the female adult fly using the sex attractant (Z)-9-

tricosene One baited trap is used approximately every 20-30 feet around the perimeter

of where the flies are resting in the morning and afternoon The bait material should not give foul smell Inverted cone traps, Light traps with ultra violet light can be installed inside the premises

20 m

COMMERCIAL STICKY TRAPS AND CONTAINER TRAPS

EXAMPLE BAIT TRAP : BELTSVILLE BAIT TRAP

Adhesive ribbon Jug or bottle trap Bag trap

MECHANICAL CONTROL

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Macrocheles muscaedomesticae feeding on house fly eggs

Uropodid mite Fuscurpoda vegetans

Predators:

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Hister beetle, Carcinops pumilio, Ophyra leucostoma

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Parasitoids:

Muscidifurax raptor female laying eggs

No pesticides, space sprays, residual sprays should be used inside

the premises.

If sanitation efforts are not possible, a non residual pyrethrin

aerosol / deltamethrin 2.5 WP/Flow @ 0.025% as water base or

chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.5% as water base will be applied out

doors by covering all breeding places, external periphery and

sewage/drains

CHEMICAL CONTROL

CONCLUSION

PART III

CONCLUSION

House fly is a cosmopolitan pest associated with the human habitations and the farm animals. They are the pioneers in the transmission of the dangerous disease causing pathogens because of their mode of feeding and their body structures majorly in the urban areas. Proper control like cultural manure management, mechanical control, biological control and the chemical control measures based on its biology would control the house flies. Community approach and institutions like NGOs, awareness programmes, majorly taking preventive measures play a vital role in their control.

Please keep understanding…

Flies life cycle

REFERENCES

FOR REFERNCES PLEASE CONTACT sabhavats1@gmail.com

Thank You

Presented bySabhavat Srinivasnaik

ID.NO:2015800506I Ph. D (Agrl. Entomology)