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ENT 807PLANT HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS AND MANAGEMENT

CPPS,TNAU,COIMBATORE-641 003

NAME :SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIKID. NO: 2015800506YEAR: I Ph. D (2015)DEPT.: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : ThysanopteraFamily : ThripidaeGenus : Thrips & others

Bladderfoot/Woodlouse/fringed Common name –Thysanoptera-thrips World wide 6000/777 genera/ 60 fossil Permothrips longipennis Martynov, 1935 Pest & Predator (Size : 0.5 to 14 mm)-Aphids, Mites Asymmetrical mouthparts-unique Yellow, yellowish-brown or black Disturb-Run/Leap/Curving-abdomen Thripidae comprises at least 1700 species It is important pest species. Sueo Nakahara, 2005 & Imms, 1977

Thysanos ("fringe")pteron ("wing")

1744 -Physapus - De Geer 1758- Thrips - Linnaeus 1836-Thysanoptera-Haliday

Terebrantia Tubulifera

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Family:

Family : Phlaeothripidae

1. Aeolothripidae2. Thripidae

Wing venation is present

Wing venation is absent

Imms, 1977

Terebrantia

Tubulifera

Imms, 1977

Phytophagous, Pollinophagous Mycetophagous, Predaceous Foliage and flower/pollen/fruit/gall Vectors for the plant pathogens Yield loss is 35 % to 55 % Small size and high reproductive capacity 1090 host-plant species in 15 monocot

& 69 dicot families world wide >100 species are major pests of crop plants

(Parrella et al. 2003)

A.Phytophagous B. Predators

C. Vectors

94 percent of the animal vectors are the arthropods Arthropods

I. Aphids II. Leafhoppers/

Planthoppers

III. WhitefliesThrips

Mites

vMBs/coccids

S.No Based on the retention

Based on the route

Latest Classification

i) Non Persistent Stylet borne Non circulative a) Non persistent b) Semi persistent

ii) Semi-persistent Circulative Circulative a) Circulative b) Circu-propagate.

iii) Persistent

Reddy, 2010

Moritz and Mound, 2004

VECTORS- THRIPS

Frankliniella occidentalis (The Western flower thrips)F. schultzeiF. fusca (Tobacco thrips)F. intonsaF. bispinosaF. zucchiniF. geminaF. cephalicaThrips tabaci (The onion thrips)T. palmiT. setosusScirtothrips dorsalisCeratothrioides claratrisDictyothrips betae (Riley et al, 2011)

14 species of thrips transmitting tospoviruses

F. occidentalis F. schultzei F. fusca F. intonsa

F. bispinosa F. zucchini F. gemina F. cephalica

T. tabaci. T. palmi T. setosus C. claratris

Agrios, 2005

The thrips- tospovirus relationship is uniqueCirculative and propagative manner and are transstadially passed in the vector (it can transmit throughout life ) (Nagata & Peters, 2001)Acquisition- First & early second instar immature larvae (5min)Transmission-Second instar larvae just before pupation and adult (30 min)

(Chatzivassiliou et al., 2002)

The primary salivary glands, midgut, and visceral muscles of the first larval stage are compressed into one area of the thorax where they lie in direct contact with one another through the early second instar stage

The virus moves from the midgut and muscles to the salivary gland when these tissues lie in direct proximity to one another in the larval insect

Moritz et al., 2004

As insect grows, the brain and primary salivary glands move forward, while the first midgut loop moves back into the metathorax, resulting in spatial separation of these organs and preventing virus movement between these tissues

Moritz et al., 2004Moritz et al., 2004

Riley et al., 2011

www.omafra.gov.on.ca

Both nymphs and adults will suck the sap Under surface of the leaf between the veins and vein lets Asymmetrical piercing mouthparts-unique Lacerate and suck the oozing sap Host range: brinjal, cotton, groundnut, castor, bottle gourd, guava, tea.

A. Before stylet penetration no contact of the mouth cone with the leaf surface B. Insertion of the mandibleC. Insertion of the maxillary stylets D. Feeding of the sapE. Stops penetration and mouth cone contact

Chisholm and Lewis, 1984

Curling upward, crumbling and shedding Bronzing, flecking, silvering Browning and early flower drop Virus symptoms may resemble other plant disease symptoms or nutritional issues. Wilting, Black streaking, Necrotic black spots,

Concentric circles of light and dark coloration

Vasantha raj david, 2012

1. Field diagnosis1.Morphological 2.Molecular

Onion: Thrips tabaci Winter season –Diapause –Debris Spring –fly to new field Parthenogenic reproduction young leaves in centre of onion neck I, II instars are active feeders Prepupa and Pupa –resting –soil/

scales Crowded-move to tip of the plant White to silvery in colour Reduced bulb size iris yellow spot virus

Tiny black “tar” spots of thrips excrement are evident on leaves with heavy feeding injury

1. Field diagnosis

Both nymphs and adults lacerate the tender leaves and suck the plant sap, causing yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings

Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base is the typical symptom of attack

Damage both in nursery and main field Affected nurseries- pale yellow colour with

brown tips On passing the wet palm over the top of the

seedlings a large number of black adults and yellowish nymphs stick to the palm

Rice Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis

Vasantha raj david, 2012

2. Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Upward curling and crinklingStunted growthFruit scarification

Mite

1. Field diagnosis

1. Field diagnosis

Groundnut thrips

White patches appearing on the lower surface of the leaves and distortion of young leaflets.

Dull yellowish-green patches of the upper leaf surface and brown coloured (necrotic) areas on the lower surface

Vasantha raj david, 2012

Rose thrips damage

Browning and flower drop

Vasantha raj david, 2012

Fringed wings

Tarsal bladder

Asymmetrical mouthparts

Chirothrips aculeatus Scolothrips longicornis

Limothrips angulicornis Tenothrips frici

Aptinothrips stylifer Frankliniella occidentalis

Bregmatothrips bournieri Limothrips angulicornis

Mirab-balou, 2013

Frankliniella occidentalis Thrips alliorum

Tenothrips frici Anaphothrips obscurus

Rubiothrips vitis

Chirothrips aculeatus

Megalurothrips distalis

Mirab-balou, 2013

Mirab-balou, 2013

Thrips palmi, T. tabaci, Frankliniella intonsa and F. occidentalis

Collected from the different quarantine stationsLysis buffer used for isolation of the DNALTS2 Marker Designed Primers: PAL-ITS2F2 (5′ -TGTGATGTACGTGCACTGGA-3′), TAB-ITS2F4(5′ -AACGATTHCCAGACTGCCC-3′), INT-ITS2F1(5′ -GACCAGACTGTTCCGAGA-3′), OCC-ITS2F6(5′-T GGTCGCTTCACCGCTTCCCG-3′), ThripsITS2R3 (5′-CTCTCCTGAACWGAGGTCG-3′) 3.5 percent gel electrophoresis

Restriction enzyme RsaI 4 Percent agarose gel

T. Tabaci

Frankliniella intonsa

F. occidentalis

Frankliniella tenuicornis

3.0 %

4 %RSaI

Nakahara and Minoura 2015

25/5 wet palmsTop unopened leavesCount 25 plants randomlyNo./Leaf=1/Leaf

Rice

Other crops

Raghumurthi, 2010

1. Cultural control Grow tolerant varieties like ALR 3, Robut 33-1, Kadiri 3 and ICGS 86031

Uproot and destroy severely infected plants. Setting up of blue sticky traps at rate of 12 per

hectare in the field will check the thrips population2. Mechanical control

3. Biological Control Conserve bio agents like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies and spiders.

Dhaliwal, 2012

4. Chemical control

Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS 7g/kg against aphids, leafhoppers and thrips upto 8 weeks

Spray Monochrotophos 36 SL 600 ml/ha Methyldemeton 25 EC 600 ml in 600 lit of water. Monocrotophos 320 ml mixed with neem oil 1lit and 1kg soap powder

mixed in 200lit of water twice at 10days interval. Neem oil or pungam oil at 2ml/ha will be very effective Spraying of fipronil 5 SC at 1.5-2.0ml/ha Thiacloprid 21.7 per cent SC 125ml/ha Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG at 40g/ha @ 25, 45 and 60 DAS NSKE 5% Imidacloprid 200 SL @100 ml

Dhaliwal, 2012

Common insects under thysanoptera-Thrips Economic important family-Thripidae Unique characters of thrips-fringed wings/tarsal bladder/asymmetrical mouthparts Economic importance of thrips-Phytophagous, predatory, insect vectors Total no. of species -6000 under 777 genera Meaning of Thysanoptera- Thysanos-fringed; Ptera-wings Thysanoptera order name given by –Haliday Typical character of thrips when you disturb it-curving its abdomen and run and

leap Wing venation is present in –Terebrantia and absent in -tubulifera Major plant virus transmitting order-Hemiptera and insect-aphids Thrips are the circulative and propagative manner of virus transmission Type of virus transmitted by thrips-tospovirus Number of nymphal instars-2 Oviposition site-inside the plant tissue by ovipositor Resting stages –prepupa and pupa Symptoms-curling, crumbling, browning, wilting and shedding, tip drying, silvering Damage assessment by counting -25/5 wet palms; 1/leaf Management: cultural, biological, mechanical, chemical etc.,

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