Unit II: Lets discuss the Operating Systems! Rajeev Gupta (Mr. RAJ)

Mr. RAJ’s Computer Repair I & II: A+ ESSENTIALS (701) & Computer Repair III & IV Practical Applications (702)Contact: 301.802.9066 Email: Rajeev8989@live.com Online Exams: www.Classmarker.com Wiki & Notes: http://mrgupta.wikispaces.com/Designed and prepared for Mr. Raj Students Only at Career Technical Institute [Confidential] Note: Do not copy or distribute without Mr. Raj’s Authorization!

Unit II: Lets discuss the Operating Systems!

Rajeev Gupta (Mr. RAJ)15 Years of IT & Training Experience in Hardware and Networking. Training is my Passion. I am really excited about brining this information to you. I will do my best to give you a perfect place to launch an IT career and I promise it will help you tremendously in knowing how the PC works. You will be building on the foundation no matter where you go. 1

Operating systems Unit objectives:• Identify operating system fundamentals• Manage directories on a Windows Vista computer• Manage files on a Windows Vista computer• Control access to files and folders on a Windows

Vista computer

Topic A• Topic A: Operating system fundamentals • Topic B: Directory management • Topic C: File management• Topic D: File and folder permissions

Operating systems• Set of software instructions • Control the computer• Run programs• Accept input• Display output• Examples:– Windows– Linux– Macintosh

Windows• Most installed client OS• First GUI: Windows 3.1• Icons and menus to perform functions• Uses a mouse

Microsoft Vista Business Edition

Macintosh (Mac) OS• Apple’s client operating system • Uses a GUI• Current version:– Mac OS X (10.5)– Also known as Leopard

• Revised more often than Windows• Applications are plentiful

Mac OS X Leopard

Linux• Free client operating system • Based on UNIX• Latest kernel: 2.6.28.3 • How to obtain:– Download Linux for free– Buy a distribution version

• Uses a GUI• Many system admin tasks done at command line

Ubuntu Linux

Windows client operating systems• Windows NT Workstation• Windows 95• Windows 98• Windows Me• Windows 2000 Professional• Three Windows XP versions– Windows XP Professional– Windows XP Home Edition – Windows XP Media Center Edition continued

Windows client OSs, continued• Six Windows Vista versions– Windows Vista Home Basic – Windows Vista Home Premium– Windows Vista Business – Windows Vista Ultimate– Windows Vista Starter – Windows Vista Enterprise

• Windows 7 released in Fall 2009

Product lifecycle

Mainstream support

Extended support

Self-help online support

Identify available support

• Microsoft’s Help and Support Center • http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeselect

Not available in Vista Home Basic • Aero desktop GUI with Flip 3D • Windows Mobility Center and Tablet PC support • Scheduled and network-based backup • Windows Meeting Space• PC-to-PC Sync

Not available in either Home version• Multiprocessor support• Complete PC Backup and Restore• Networking Center • Remote Desktop • Domain Join• Group Policy support• Windows Fax and Scan• Encrypting File System (EFS)• Shadow Copy• P2P Meeting Place• Corporate Roaming• Offline Files and Folders

Available in Home Premium & Ultimate• Windows Media Center and Media Center

Extenders • Windows DVD Maker• Windows HD Movie Maker• Windows premium games

Available only in Windows Vista Ultimate

• BitLocker Drive Encryption

Available in Ultimate and Enterprise• Multi-Language User Interface (MUI)• Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (SUA)• Single Session Virtual PC

Windows XP Professional features• Remote desktop• Multiprocessor support• Automated System Recovery• Dynamic disk support• Fax service• IIS/Personal Web server• Encrypting File System• File-level access control • C2 certification• Domain membership• Group policies• IntelliMirror

• Remote Installation Services• Roaming profiles• Multilingual support• 64-bit version• IPSec user interface• SNMP• Simple TCP/IP services• SAP agent• Client services for NetWare• Network monitor• Client-side caching• Administrative tools

Windows 2000 features• Dependability:– Device driver verification– Scalable memory and processor support– Side-by-side DLLs– Windows File Protection– Windows Installer

• Security:– Encrypting File System (EFS), single-user support– IPSec– Kerberos

continued

Windows 2000 features• Management and deployment:

– User State Migration Tool – Hardware standards support – System Preparation Tool– Remote OS Installation– Multilingual support– Group Policy support– Microsoft Management Console (MMC) – Recovery console– Safe Mode startup options– Internet Connection Sharing– Troubleshooters

Windows 2000 mobile support• Offline file and folder support• Offline viewing• Laptop power management features• Hot docking• Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

(ACPI)

32-bit versus 64-bit• Refers to how the CPU processes information:– 32-bit processor processes 32 bits of data at one time– 64-bit processor processes twice that amount

• 64-bit system – Hardware drivers must be 64-bit compatible – Operating system must be written as 64-bit

• Microsoft’s 32-bit version referred to as x86

The Windows Vista desktop

Notification area

Recycle Bin

Desktop

Start menu

Taskbar

Sidebar with gadgets

Windows XP Professional desktop

Recycle Bin

Desktop

Start menu

Taskbar Notification

Windows 2000 Professional desktop

My Computer

System tray

Start menu

Taskbar

My Network Places

Recycle Bin

Windows Aero features • New UI for:– Windows Home Premium– Windows Business– Windows Enterprise– Windows Ultimate

• Features:– Windows Sidebar – Translucent windows, taskbar, and Start menu – Taskbar thumbnails – Three-dimensional Windows Flip

Windows Aero

3D Windows Flip

Aero system requirements• 1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor• 1 GB system memory• 128 MB graphics card• DirectX 9-compatible graphics processor that

supports:– A Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) driver– Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware– 32 bits per pixel

Windows Explorer in Vista

Menu bar Files

File size Date created or modified File type

Folders/ directories

Windows Explorer in XP Menu bar Files

Toolbar

Folders/ directories

File size File type

Date created or modified

The Control Panel (Vista)

Control Panel Search

Computer Management console

Network folder

Command-line utility

Command-line help • General help:

• Command-specific help:command /?

Task Manager

Microsoft Management Console

Topic B• Topic A: Operating system fundamentals • Topic B: Directory management • Topic C: File management• Topic D: File and folder permissions

Directory structure

Windows default file structure• User files• System files• Fonts• Temporary files• Program files• Offline files and folders

Navigating in the Windows GUI1. Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories,

Windows Explorer2. Vista: In Folders pane, click arrow next to drive or

folder to expand itXP/2000: In navigation pane, click + next to drive or folder to expand it

3. Select drive or subfolder in the Folders or navigation pane to view its contents in the details pane

Navigating using the command prompt

• Command line• MS-DOS navigation commands – command or cmd – dir – chdir or cd

Command (cmd)

command drive:path device ►/e:nnnn /p /c string /msg

Dir dir drive:path filename /p /w ► /a:attributes /o:sortorder ► /s /b /l

/a:attributes h Hidden files-h Non-hidden files s System files-s Non-system files d Directories-d Files only (not directories) a Files ready for archiving-a Files that have not changed since the last archive r Read-only files-r Non-read-only files

/o:sortorder n Alphabetical order by name-n Reverse alphabetical order by name e Alphabetical order by file extension-e Reverse alphabetical order by extension d Chronological by date and time, oldest to newest-d Chronological by date and time, newest to oldest s By size, smallest to largest-s By size, largest to smallest g Grouped directories, then files-g Grouped files, then directories

Wildcard characters• Use to display a subset of directories and files:– *– ?

• Examples:– dir *.txt – dir 200?.txt

Chdir (cd) • Displays the name of the current drive and

directory • Optional parameters:– chdir drive:path

or cd drive:path – chdir..

or cd.. – chdir \

or cd \

Creating directories in the Windows GUI

1. In the Folders or navigation pane, select the drive or folder where you want to create the new folder

2. Vista: Choose New, FolderXP/2000: Choose File, New, Folder

3. Type a name for the new folder4. Press Enter

– Max # of allowable characters in file path is 255

Create directories using the command-line

• At the command prompt:mkdir drive:pathmd drive:path

Spaces in commands• In Windows 9x, command.com doesn’t allow

spaces • In Windows NT Workstation and later, cmd.exe

treats spaces as delimiters and treats each word after the command as a separate parameter

• To force the command interpreter to recognize the spaces, enclose in quotation marks any file or folder names that include spaces

Copy directories using the Windows GUI 1. In Folders or navigation pane, select directory you want

to copy – Use Ctrl key to select more than one

2. Vista: Right-click selection and choose CopyXP/2000: Right-click selection and choose Edit, Copy

3. In Folders or navigation pane, right-click destination location

4. Vista: Choose PasteXP/2000: Choose Edit, Paste

Copy directories using command prompt • Copy — copies one or more files to another

location • Xcopy — copies files (not including hidden and

system files), directories, and subdirectories

• copy source destination• copy /a/b source /a/b + ►source /a/b + … destination ►/a/b /v

Xcopy• xcopy source destination • xcopy source destination ►/a/m /d:date /p /s /e /v /w

Remove directories using Windows GUI

1. Right-click folder you want to delete (in either pane of Windows Explorer)

2. Vista: Choose DeleteXP/2000: Choose File, Delete

3. Click Yes to confirm

Remove directories using command prompt

• Use:– rmdir/rd – deltree – Windows Explorer

• With rmdir/rd, delete any files and subdirectories in that directory

• rmdir drive:path• rd drive:path• Can’t delete the current directory

continued

Removing directories, continued• deltree is an external command• Deletes a directory and all of its subdirectories

and files, including hidden and system files • deltree drive:path • deltree /y drive:path ►drive:path

Topic C• Topic A: Operating system fundamentals • Topic B: Directory management • Topic C: File management• Topic D: File and folder permissions

Binary and text files • Two types of computer files:– Binary – Text

• Binary files – Read by computer, but not by humans– Program files

• Text files– Typically in ASCII format– Read by humans using a text editor– Data files

ASCII• American Standard Code for Information

Interchange• Pronounced “ask-ee”• Code represents English characters as numbers• Each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127

File-name extensions • Three-letter extension• Indicates the file type• Used by OS to open appropriate application• Windows hides extensions

Common file extensions• .bat• .bin• .bmp• .gif• .jpeg• .jpg• .png• .tif• .com• .exe• .hlp

• .chm• .htm• .html• .inf• .ini• .msi• .rtf• .sys• .txt• .vbs

File names and extensions• MS-DOS file names– Eight-character limit – “8.3”

• Eight characters for the name • Three characters for the extension• Separated by a period

• Windows file names– 255-character limit

• FAT16: Extensions of 0-3 characters• FAT32 and NTFS: Extensions of 0-255 characters (total name can’t

exceed 255)

Creating text files • MS-DOS edit command • Windows GUI text-editing application

Creating a text file with edit1. At DOS prompt, type edit and press Enter2. Enter the desired text3. Choose File, Save As (press Alt, F, A) 4. Press Alt+D; then use arrow keys and Enter to navigate to

desired directory5. Press Alt+N6. Type a file name and extension7. Press Tab to highlight the OK button; then press Enter8. Press Alt, F, X to exit the edit program

Creating a text file in Notepad1. Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories, Notepad 2. Enter the desired text3. Choose File, Save As4. Select the desired directory5. Type a name for the file6. Verify that Text Documents (*.txt) is selected in the Save as type

box7. Click Save8. Choose File, Exit

Editing text files • MS-DOS edit command • Windows GUI text editing application

Editing a text file with edit 1. Type

edit drive:\path\filename and press Enter

2. Modify the text 3. Choose File, Save or press Alt, F, S 4. Press Alt, F, X to exit

Editing a text file in Notepad 1. Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories,

Notepad 2. Choose File, Open3. Navigate to the folder containing the text file4. Select the desired file5. Click Open6. Modify the text7. Save the file and exit the program

Batch files• Contain multiple commands • The OS runs commands in the file• Used for repetitive tasks• Created in any text editor• You can enable or disable the display of

commands while batch file is running–Echo on|off

File attributes • Indicate to OS how files should be used• Types:– Read-only– Hidden– System– Archive

Attrib.exe• Removes or assigns attributes• System or hidden attribute must be removed before

another attribute is assigned• Recognizes wildcards– ?– *

• Syntax with optional parameters and switchesattrib +r|-r +a|-a +s|-s +h|-h drive:path\filename /s

Topic D• Topic A: Operating system fundamentals • Topic B: Directory management • Topic C: File management • Topic D: File and folder permissions

Sharing files with local

users • Each user has a

personal folder• Private• Access granted to user

and administrator• Contains other folders;

vary based on OS

Public folder sharing in Vista• Easiest way to share files and folders with other users• Other users can:

– Open – Edit – Delete

Shared Documents• Used by Windows XP and Windows 2000• Same function as Vista’s Public folders• Fewer subfolders

Permissions • Two types:

– Share– Local NTFS

• Share permissions:– Vista:

• Reader• Contributor• Co-owner

– XP/2000:• Read• Change• Full Control

NTFS• File security provided by NTFS• Windows client OSs supporting NTFS:– Windows NT Workstation– Windows 2000 Professional– All Windows XP editions– All Windows Vista editions

• More specific and varied than share permissions • Uses Classic File Sharing and Security interface

NTFS file permissions • Full Control• Modify• Read & Execute• Read• Write

NTFS folder permissions• Full Control• Modify• Read & Execute• List Folder Contents• Read• Write

Guidelines for NTFS permissions• Each user can have multiple NTFS file and folder

permissions assigned, plus permissions assigned to his/her groups

• NTFS permissions are cumulative • NTFS permissions are inherited

Assigning NTFS permissions• Simple File Sharing:– Windows XP Home – Windows XP Media Center Edition– Windows XP Professional non-domain members

• Windows Vista doesn’t use Simple File Sharing• Can disable Simple File Sharing in Windows XP

Professional• Effective permissions = sum of share and NTFS

permissions

Effective permissions• Sum of share and NTFS permissions• More restrictive permission wins

Unit summary • Identified operating system fundamentals• Managed directories on a Microsoft Windows

Vista computer• Managed files on a Microsoft Windows Vista

computer• Controlled access to files and folders on a

Windows Vista computer

Unit II: Lets discuss the Operating Systems! Rajeev Gupta (Mr. RAJ)

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