Unit 2

Forming a New Nation

Warm-up

What do you know about life in “America” at this

point? (It is about 1750)

Answer:

•13 British colonies•French and Spanish colonies too•13 colonies can be divided into 3 regions; New England, Middle, and Southern colonies•Different economic systems, cultures, and religions for each of the 3 regions•The colonies are starting to form their own governments

Section 5.1FRENCH AND INDIAN

WAR

WHO FOUGHT?

BritishFrench settlers (and Native Americans)

Britain & Colonists

VS.France & Indians

Also known as the Seven Years’ War…..

Why? This war involved over 2o nations and was fought in Europe and Africa. It lasted 7 years.

Americans call it the French and Indian War because we only participated in the part that took place in North America.

Control of the Americas

WHY THEY FOUGHT?

3)France and Britain have fought for centuries

2) Fur to trade

1) Fertile Soil in the Ohio Valley

WHY DID THE INDIANS HELP THE FRENCH?

The Indians helped the French because they had better

relationships and they believed that the French would win.

Ben Franklin’s 1754 cartoon was a plea for unity in defending the colonies during the

French and Indian War.

His plan for unity was called the Albany Plan of Union

HOW DID THE NATIVE AMERICANS HELP?

1. They knew the land2. They were local soldiers3. Guerilla fighting style

HOW DID THE WAR BEGIN?

French controlled most of the land in North America.

The English wanted to expand their territory... westward.

Because the English were starting to move into French territory, the French attacked.

Both groups were fighting over the Ohio River Valley

WHEN AND WHERE? Ft. Necessity-set up by George

Washington and militia (civilians trained to fight)

Washington was outnumbered, so he surrendered

French took over the

fort and later burned it

WHO IS GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK?

After Washington was defeated at Ft. Necessity, England appointed General Edward Braddock became commander in chief of the British.

WHEN AND WHERE? On July 9, 1755 the French and Native Americans

ambushed the British at Ft. Duquesne. They fired from behind trees, aiming at the bright uniforms.

The British were confused and frightened. Braddock called for a retreat. Braddock was killed along with many others. British lost this battle

Washington claimed he was more scared during the ambush

at Ft. Duquesne than at any other point in his life.

BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE Great Britain’s

fortunes improved after William Pitt came to power as Secretary of State and then Prime Minister (of England).

He sent British troops to North America under the command of Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe.

The first years of the war were disastrous for the British and the American colonies.

The Native Americans destroyed and burned many homes.

Jeffrey Amhers

t

James Wolfe

THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE

British troops attacked Quebec. James Wolfe finds a poorly guarded path, surprises and defeats the French (dies in the battle)

A year later, Jeffery Amherst captures Montreal

This brought an end to the war

Treaty of Paris(1763)

Officially ended the French and Indian War

French can keep sugar producing islands in the West Indies, but must give up Canada, and the land east of the Mississippi to Great Britain

French agreed not to own any of the colonies

FYI: In the midst of the French and Indian War

Ben Franklin suggested the Albany Plan of Union.

This plan called for a council that would have authority over the western settlements, relations with the Natives, and other urgent matters.

It could also organize armies and collect taxes. The plan was rejected because each colony wanted to maintain control.

Warm-up

Who fought in the French and Indian War and why did they fight? What was the outcome?

This is a map of America after the war

Answer:Who fought

England/Colonists-

now Americans

France and the Native Americans

Why 1) fertile soil 2) fur to trade 3) France and Britain have fought for centuries

OutcomeTreaty of Paris, England & Colonists win

Section 5.2

The Colonists Resist Tighter Control

England had finally pushed the French out, but they had gone into debt due to the war.

The English government decided to make the Americans pay for the war with taxes. This would cause them to rebel.

However, the colonists had bigger problems. They were also still fighting with the Native Americans.

King George III

PONTIAC’S WAROttawa Chief who

brought together numerous tribes to fight the colonists

They tormented the settlers (esp. west)

He could not obtain Fort Detroit, Fort Pitt, or Fort Niagara

Conflict with Native Americans

PROCLAMATION OF 1763

To stop the vicious fighting between the colonists and Native Americans, George III declared the Appalachian Mountains to be the western boundary for the colonies.

This angered many colonists who believed they had the right to reside wherever they wanted. The proclamation was widely ignored and proved impossible for the British to enforce. The 1763 "Proclamation line" is the

red line

British Rule Leads to ConflictAlthough the colonies had started to

unite, the 13 colonies were still divided in many ways

But, they saw themselves as different from people living in Britain

The British, however saw things differently. They thought the colonists should pay for their part in the war.

This difference in opinion leads to problems between the colonists and England.

The 1763 "Proclamation line" is the red line

The Sugar ActSugar Act – Import tax

on molasses (& other products)

It actually lowered the Molasses Act tax so it was intended to stop the smuggling (Navigation Acts)

King George

1764

The Quartering Act

This act was an indirect tax for the colonists. Under the law, the colonists had to give quarters (a home), food, and transportation to the British soldiers. 

The Stamp ActColonists had to

buy special stamps and place them on newspapers, wills, licenses, insurance policies, land titles, contracts, & other documents.

November 1 ,1765 (takes effect)

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry was one of the most outspoken opponents of the Stamp Act

He convinced colonists to act together against the acts which led to a boycott of British goods and violence in the colonies.

Stamp Act protesters burned homes of officials in protest

Left: Tarring and feathering of a British excise man by a Liberty Tree.Right: A tax collector being tarred and feathered in 1774.

Colonists sent a petition to the King and Parliament that demanded the end to both the Sugar Act and the

Stamp Act. The protests worked and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

Townshend Acts Set up a system to tax items coming into the colonies Taxes were placed on glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported into the colonies

•Passed by Parliament on June 1767•Britain hoped these taxes would not upset the colonists

Writs of Assistance

- This allowed British soldiers search houses, ships and warehouses for smuggled goods

They were legalized by the Townshend Act of 1767.

On March 5, 1770, a crowd of rowdy Bostonians gathered around a small group of British soldiers guarding the Boston Customs House. The soldiers were being harassed by the colonists. Colonists were throwing rocks and

snowballs at the soldiers. The frightened soldiers fired into the crowd. Their shots hit and killed a number of civilians .

What was the cause of the

Boston Massacre?

Colonists rioting because

of taxes.

The Boston Massacre

5 colonists were killed 6 colonists were wounded

Crispus Attucks, a free African American sailor was the first to die at the massacre.

The Boston Massacre

Paul Revere created an engraving that was used as propaganda to influence colonists against the British.Propaganda is an item used to influence opinion

Here is how the article appeared in newspapers and what was written in the article printed with Paul Revere’s engraving.

Which do you think

is closer to what really happened?

As protests spread, groups began to organize against England

Sons of Liberty: Organized protests (often violent) against British acts and policies

Sam Adams

Daughters of Liberty:Organized boycotts against British products. Found ways to make needed items.

Abigail Adams

Committee of Correspondence

Created after the Boston Massacre by Samuel Adams

Created to keep colonists informed of British actions. Wrote letters and pamphlets.

Warm-up What was the Stamp Act and how did the colonists respond to it?

This placed a tax on paper products. (Wills, licenses, deeds, etc)

Tarring and feathering, and burning tax collectors homes were responses.

Section 5.3Protest to Rebellion

British East India Tea Company could sell tea in America without paying tax on it (cheapest tea in town)This put many other tea sellers out of business, especially the smugglers

The Tea Act was the only piece of the

Townshend Acts not to be repealed. They

called it by a new name so the

colonists would not get mad. But many

of the colonists were still upset

because it meant that only British tea could be sold in the colonies. This led to

the Boston Tea Party.

Tea Act

As a result of the Boston Tea Party the English Parliament passed the…Intolerable Acts – Included the Boston Port Bill, Quartering Act (part 2) and the Massachusetts Government Act. Make colonists pay for the tea. (also known as the Coercive Acts)

Intolerable Acts

Boston Port Bill – Closed Boston Harbor to all shipping

Quartering Act – Each colony had to provide a place for British troops to

live, again! (colonists had ignored this law that was already in place)

Massachusetts Government Act- 1. Increased the power of the royal governor

2. Abolished the upper house of the Massachusetts legislature

3.Cut the powers of town meetings

Many colonists viewed the acts as a violation of their rights, and in 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest.

Congress included Patrick Henry, George Washington, Sam Adams and John Adams. In all, there were 56 men who attended the 1st Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress•Took place in September and October 1774

•12 of the 13 colonies sent delegates (No Georgia)

WHAT DID THE CONGRESS DO?1)Asked Britain to repeal various acts that they didn’t agree on2) Called for the colonies to boycott British goods3) Formed colonial militias to protect in case of violence

The Shot Heard Round the World

•The British government had no intention of meeting the demands of the First Continental Congress

•The colonists realized they might have to prepare for a fight so they set up minutemen and organized weapons

•Lexington and Concord-read passage on pages 152-153

Warm-up

What were the

Intolerable Acts?

Answer:

- Included the- Boston Port Bill - Quartering Act (part 2)- The Massachusetts Government Act- (also known as the Coercive Acts)

Liberty Kids

Warm-up: Why was the Battle of Lexington known as the “shot heard ‘round the world?”

It started the American Revolution-People around the world wondered if

other colonies would follow

Group notes based on class presentations-

use handout “Important Events of the Early Revolution”

Warm-up: Why was the Olive Branch Petition important?

Answer: It was the last attempt by the colonies to make peace with England. The Continental Congress did not want war, but after the Olive Branch Petition was ignored they felt they had no choice.

Second Continental Congress

May (Phily) 1775 1st government of the colonies Led by Hancock, Jefferson, Franklin

Major Decisions: Formed an army (led by G.W.) Print paper $$$ in the colonies 2nd C.C. acted like a government

Patriots vs. Loyalists Patriots:

Favored independence Took control of local governments

Loyalists: Remained loyal to Britain and its policies 1/3 of colonists Many African-Americans (who hoped to

gain freedom) Many Natives (who were afraid of losing

land)

Fort Ticonderoga

May 1775 (N.Y.) Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain

Boys attacked a British fort 42 British troops surrendered

almost immediately

Why did the Patriots want the fort? It was the main route between

Canada & the Hudson River Valley The fort held valuable weapons

Battle of Bunker Hill June 1775 After Lexington and Concord, the Patriot

militia controlled the hills surrounding Boston. The Patriots heard through their spies that the British were planning to attack Bunker Hill. The Patriots sent 1600 men to set up fortifications on Breed's Hill, which was closer to Boston. British General Howe led 2600 British soldiers up Breed's Hill.

The Americans held off two British charges, but were finally forced to retreat on the third charge. The British suffered heavy losses. The British gained control of Breed's Hill.

Seen as a Patriot victory because of British casualties.

The Olive Branch Petition July 1775

The 2nd C.C. continued to try and restore peace with Britain.

The petition said that the colonists were loyal to king and asked him to stop fighting.

King completely ignored the petition and said the colonists were “in open rebellion.”

Section 5.4

The War Begins

Patriots vs. British Patriots vs. British

NAMES:NAMES:-REBELSREBELS-COLONISTSCOLONISTS-PATRIOTSPATRIOTS-YANKEESYANKEES

--BRITISHBRITISH-ENGLISH-ENGLISH-LOYALISTS-LOYALISTS--

LOBSTERBACKSLOBSTERBACKS-RED COATS -RED COATS

Colonists could mean either, but more often would be included on the Colonists could mean either, but more often would be included on the rebel side. An estimated 1/3 of the colonists stayed loyal to Britain rebel side. An estimated 1/3 of the colonists stayed loyal to Britain

during the war! during the war!

The Grand Union Flag was first used at sea, and then by Washington and is

considered the first American flag

British British FlagFlag

CAUSE:CAUSE:Patriots –Patriots –Fighting to Fighting to protect life protect life (Lifestyle)(Lifestyle)British-British-Fighting to Fighting to keep control of keep control of the coloniesthe colonies

British –British –Fight to Fight to keep keep economic economic resource resource (1600 miles (1600 miles away)away)

Patriots often wore blue. They Patriots often wore blue. They were called Yankees because of were called Yankees because of

the song “Yankee Doodle”, the song “Yankee Doodle”, which was created to poke fun which was created to poke fun at the colonists. It became a at the colonists. It became a rallying cry for the colonists. rallying cry for the colonists.

The British were very confident in The British were very confident in their military forces. They were so their military forces. They were so sure of their training that they wore sure of their training that they wore

red because it would easily allow red because it would easily allow them to tell who was not on their side, them to tell who was not on their side,

and they felt their training was and they felt their training was superior and would supersede any superior and would supersede any other factor, which was often the other factor, which was often the

case.case.

Forces…

Forces …Forces …

Patriots (Positives) – -Know the land -Guerilla War-Close supplies

Patriots (Negatives) –-Few numbers -Poor training-Short terms-no Navy

British (Positives) –British (Positives) –-Large numbers -Large numbers -Expert training-Expert training-Great, experienced -Great, experienced generalsgenerals-The best Navy in the -The best Navy in the world world

Britain (Negatives)–Britain (Negatives)–-Unfamiliar Land-Unfamiliar Land-Traditional Style -Traditional Style FightingFighting-Further to Travel-Further to Travel

X – Factors:X – Factors:

Patriots –Patriots –--Weak Govt.Weak Govt.- Little Money- Little Money-WomenWomen-Free African Free African AmericansAmericans

-- George George WashingtonWashington

British –British –--King to make King to make decisions (fast & decisions (fast & easy)easy)-Loyalists -Loyalists (unorganized, but (unorganized, but wealthy) wealthy) -Lots of Money-Lots of Money- Enslaved - Enslaved AfricansAfricans

FYI: Washington lost more FYI: Washington lost more battles than he won battles than he won during the revolution, but during the revolution, but he never lost one that he never lost one that would be costly enough to would be costly enough to end the war. He survived end the war. He survived attempts to overthrow attempts to overthrow and even poison him. and even poison him. Still, he never abused his Still, he never abused his position, and continued to position, and continued to listen to the Continental listen to the Continental Congress throughout. Congress throughout. Sometimes the C.C. even Sometimes the C.C. even doubted his ability and doubted his ability and thought to take him out of thought to take him out of the Commander of the the Commander of the Continental Armed Forces Continental Armed Forces position.position.

Warm-up

What was another name for the British? What was one X-factor for the British?

What was another name for the Patriots? What was one X-factor for the Patriots?

-REBELSREBELS-PATRIOTSPATRIOTS-YANKEESYANKEES-COLONISTSCOLONISTS

--BRITISHBRITISH-ENGLISH-ENGLISH-LOYALISTS-LOYALISTS-LOBSTERBACKS-LOBSTERBACKS-RED COATS -RED COATS

Answers

Rebels –Rebels –--Weak Govt.Weak Govt.- Little Money- Little Money-WomenWomen-Free African AmericansFree African Americans

-- George WashingtonGeorge Washington

X – Factors…X – Factors…British –British –--King to make decisions (fast & easy)King to make decisions (fast & easy)-Loyalists (unorganized, but wealthy) -Loyalists (unorganized, but wealthy) -Lots of Money-Lots of Money- Enslaved Americans- Enslaved Americans

Chapter 5 NPQ