Memoryunit 8, modules 24-28

m24 Intro to Memory

MEMORY IS THE PERSISTENCE OF LEARNING OVER TIME, THROUGH THE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

OF INFORMATION.

Can you remember:

September 11, 2001?

Your first kiss?

A funeral you attended?

An embarrassing moment in your life?

FLASHBULB MEMORIES - A CLEAR

MEMORY OF AN EMOTIONALLY

SIGNIFICANT MOMENT OR EVENT

A list apart ...

ATKINSON-SHIFFRINTHREE-STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY

AmnesiaAnterograde Amnesia: inability to form new memories

Retrograde Amnesia: inability to recall events prior to brain damage

Posthypnotic amnesia

Lacunar Amnesia: inability to recall specific event

Korsakoff syndrome: alcoholism-induced amnesia

m25 Encoding

Hijacking

Leveling

nondistinctive details are left out

Sharpening

distinctive elements retained

Automatic Processing

Effortful ProcessingOR

Automatic Processing

Encode for Time, Space, and Frequency

Example of parallel processing

Cannot willingly be turned on or off

Rehearsal

Next-in-Line Effect

Spacing Effect or “distributed learning”

Effortful ProcessingEBBINGHAUS: THE

AMOUNT REMEMBERED

DEPENDS ON THE TIME SPENT LEARNING

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

WHAT DO WE ENCODE BEST?

MEANING!

WHAT ARE THE MOST MEANINGFUL THINGS IN

LIFE?

Pop Quiz1. What was the flight attendant’s name?

2. Where was the flight headed to originally?

3. What was the pilot’s name?

4. What airlines was it?

5. Where did the hijacker want to go?

Mnemonic devicesAcronyms

Roy G Biv

HOMES

Rhyme

In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Chunking

2024562461

Method of loci

...

Method of loci

m26 Storage

Sensory Memory

Iconic memory

Echoic memory

short-term explicit memories

Long-term Memory

Increased serotonin sensitivity in cerebral cortex due to new receptor sites (created through CREB stimulation)

Long-term potentiation

Long-term memories

Stronger emotional experiences make for more enduring memories ...

... but prolonged stress degrades memories

IMPLICIT VS EXPLICIT MEMORIES

m27 Retrieval

RECOGNITION VS RECALL

Priming: the activation of “nearby” or associated memories.

How many of each animal did Noah have on his Ark?

Which is correct to say, “The egg yolk ARE white” or “The egg yolk IS white”?

Context and Retrieval

MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORIES

Deja Vu ...

m28 Forgetting

Encoding failures

How many sides are on an average pencil?

Which color is at the bottom of a stoplight?

George Washington is on the front; what’s on the back of a $1 bill?

Name Santa’s reindeer.

Decay Theory

Time, and time alone, will end all of your memories

Effectively explains sensory and STM loss

Ineffectively explains forgetting from LTM

Disuse Theory

Use it or lose it

Not recalling memories leads the brain to pair down those synaptic connections

Interference/Inhibition Theory

Inability to recall or difficulty in remembering caused by too many memories interfering

Proactive: PAST learning interferes

Retroactive: PRESENT learning interferes

Amnesia

Loss of memories as a result of psychological or physiological trauma

Anterograde: no NEW memories

Retrograde: loss of OLD memories

State Dependent Learning

Not in the same state as when the learning occurred? Then difficulty in recall

Motivated Forgetting

Some things, you WANT to forget . . .

According to Freud, “repression”

Cue Dependent Forgetting

Retrieval failure due to missing cues that were present during encoding

misinformation effect

source amnesia

SO WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE LOW ACCURACY OF POLICE SKETCHES?