Trends and Approaches in Graduate Education in the 21st

Century - USA PerspectiveYaman Yener

Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

Middle East Technical UniversityJune 6, 2012

Graduate Education in U.S.

History

The roots of graduate education in the US predate by

more than a century the formation of the Nation.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to be put into Earth's orbit. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957.

Federal funding of the S&E education and research grew rapidly in the late 1950’s after the launching of Sputnik in 1957 and passage of the National Defense

Education Act in 1958.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Enrollment Trends

An average 3.3% annual increase in total graduate enrollment occurred since fall 2000.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Highest degree attained in 2003 by 1992-93 bachelor’s degree

recipients

Graduate Education in U.S.

~75% in master’s programs, ~25% in doctoral programs

Total Graduate Enrollment by Degree Level, Fall 2010 (~1.75million)

Graduate Education in U.S.

• The composition of graduate students has been changing, resulting in more diverse campuses.

• In 2010, women represented ~60% of the first-time 445,000 graduate enrollment across all fields.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Total Graduate Enrollment by Gender, Fall 2010

~1,024,000 women (~59%), ~722,00 men (~41%)

Since the mid-1980s, the number of women in graduate schools has continued to exceed the number of men.

Graduate Education in U.S.

In 2010, ~615,000 S&E graduate students (~35% of total)

• ~52% of them women

• Engineering (~22%) • Math & Computer sciences (~29%)• Physical & Earth Sciences (~37%) • . . .• Health Sciences (~80%)• Social & Behavioral Sciences (~64%) • Biological & Agricultural Sciences (~54%)

Graduate Education in U.S.

Since 1998, an average annual increase of ~ 4% was seen for all minority groups enrolling in graduate schools.

Total Graduate Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Fall 2010

26.2%

~386,000 minority students (~22% of total enrollment)

Graduate Education in U.S.

In 2010, in S&E fields, ~111,000 minority students • ~29% of total minority students• ~18% of total S&E students• ~6.3% of total grad students

• Concentration of was highest in health sciences (~32%), followed by soc. & behav. sciences (~28%).

• Smallest in physical & earth sciences (~4.5%).• Engineering (~15%)

Graduate Education in U.S.

~245,000 Temporary Residents (~14%)

Total Graduate Enrollment by Citizenship, Fall 2010

In S&E fields, ~145,000 temporary residents (59% of all temporary residents)

Graduate Education in U.S.

In 2010, in S&E fields, • Concentration of foreign students was highest

in engineering (~39%), followed by math. & comp. sciences (~19%).

• They accounted for the smallest shares in health sciences (~6.4%)

• India and China accounted for ~ ⅔ of foreign students.

• South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey also sent large number of students.

Graduate Education in U.S.

• Growth in the number of grad. students has not been uniform across fields.

• In S&E fields ,enrolments started to decline in the mid-1990s, but have been consistently rising in the 21st century and are now at an all-time high.

• In Engineering , enrollment has been rising steadily in the last 20 years.

• Most of this growth has resulted from the enrollment of international students.

• Modest growth for minority students .• Slight declines for white men and

women.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Graduate Degrees

Graduate Education in U.S.

• A 31% increase in the number of eng. degrees, and

• A 22% increase in social science degrees.

Master’s-level education has been experiencing growth.

Master’s degrees in eng. and comp. sciences declined between 2004 and 2007, but have since increased.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Between 2000 and 2009, the number S&E master’s degrees earned by women grew slightly faster.

• In 2000, women earned 43% of all S&E master’s degrees.

• In 2009, they earned 45%.

In 2009, women earned a majority of master’s degrees in psychology, biological sciences, and social sciences and a smaller share of master’s degrees in engineering.

Graduate Education in U.S.

• The number of S&E master’s degrees

• increased for all racial/ethnic groups.• For foreign students reached 36,000 in 2009, after

a sharp decline between 2004 and 2007.

In 2009, foreign students earned 27% of S&E master’s degrees.

• In computer sciences (46%),

• economics (45%), and • engineering (43%).

Graduate Education in U.S.

Professional master’s degree programs, • Relatively new direction in graduate

education,• Stress interdisciplinary training, and • Prepare students for careers in business,

government, and nonprofit organizations.

Many master’s programs have moved away from having an A&S focus and become professional programs.

This shift is one of the major factors contributing to the rapid growth in master’s-level programs.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Graduate Education in U.S.

The number of S&E doctorates awarded annually increased rapidly between 2003-07, but growth slowed in 2008, and the number declined slightly to 41,100 in 2009.

The largest increases during the 2000–09 period were in engineering, biological sciences, and life sciences.

Graduate Education in U.S.

The number of S&E doctoral degrees earned by U.S. citizen and permanent residents increased,

• Women - 8,700 (2000) to 15,000 (2009) • Men - 10,700 (2000) to 12,800 (2009)

In 2009, women earned

>½ of doctorates in

non-S&E fields, social sciences, and life sciences.

But, fewer doctorates degrees in

physical sciences (33%), mathematics/computer sciences (26%), and engineering (25%).

Graduate Education in U.S.

The number of doctoral degrees in S&E fields earned by minorities increased between 2000 and 2009. They accounted for 7% of all S&E doctoral degrees earned in 2009, up from 6% in 2000.

Foreign students earned ~13,400 S&E doctoral degrees in 2009, up from 8,500 in 2000.

In 2009, they earned half or more of doctoral degrees in engineering, physics, computer sciences, and economics.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Graduate Education in U.S.

• The vast majority of graduate students fail to complete a doctoral degree - A serious concern.

• The attrition rate in doctoral education is ~ 40% to 50%.

• Financial support is the most significant factor for the completion of the doctoral degree. • Even among doctoral students who are awarded very competitive graduate research fellowships, such as those from the Graduate Research Fellowship Program of NSF, the dropout rate is still a problem, being about 25% among this rigorously selected set of students.

Graduate Education in U.S.

International Competition and Globalization

Graduate Education in U.S.

• Int. doctoral students make up 24% of the total grad. population

• Worldwide average 19%• In 2004-05, over 100,000 int. doctoral

students were enrolled in the U.S. • United Kingdom (the next closest country): ~

20,000

• The U.S. has been the dominant nation in attracting int. grad. students

• The dominant position of U.S. grad. education is now threatened as the rest of the world rapidly catches up.

International Competition

Graduate Education in U.S.

• Many countries have come to regard movement toward a knowledge-based economy as key to economic progress.

• They have invested in upgrading and expanding their higher education systems and broadening participation.

Graduate Education in U.S.

International Students (Grad. & UG) in Higher Education

Total: 1.9 M Total: 2.9 M

The growing competition points to the need for changes in U.S. graduate education so that the U.S. does not fall behind in its production of graduate

degree recipients.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Globalization – Transnational Higher Education

Why globalization? • Enormous demand in the emerging world.

• Advances in technology have opened up new and potentially low-cost possibilities to connect to these students.

• Opportunities to innovate in ways that are not possible at home and to enrich the research enterprise.

• New markets could be a great source of revenue.

• Opportunity for foreign students to earn a Western degree.

Graduate Education in U.S.

• In 2009, 162 int. branch campuses, with 78 U.S. institutions, followed by Australia (14), the UK(13), . . .

• The Australians and the British were there before the US.

• U.S. grad. schools are more likely to have established dual/joint degree programs with higher education institutions in Europe, with China and India in second place.

• The most common fields for dual degrees: • At the master’s level are business,

engineering, and the social sciences • At the doctoral level, they are engineering and

physical sciences.

Graduate Education in U.S.

• Venturing into a new country, meeting enrollment and financial goals without diluting quality standards is often a challenge.

• Some US institutions have been successful , but• Some are struggling for students.

• A number of them closed their branch campuses.

• Some well-known universities have been asked to leave a country.

• Following the closures of several branch campuses, higher education institutions have become more aware of the long-term risks involved and more frequently look for sponsors or partners to share and reduce such risks.

Graduate Education in U.S.

Path Forward

Graduate Education in U.S.

• Many bachelor degree recipients never enroll in a graduate program, and many who do enroll leave without a degree. Especially, the rates at which students leave doctoral programs remain a national problem.

• The numbers of international students enrolled in the US graduate institutions continues to decline as opportunities for quality education in their home countries increase.