45Co1

Potential for Further Analysis

TOQÁ.LATONYO

1.! Stratigraphic environments. 2.! Dating – then & now. 3.! Stratigraphic controls. 4.! Records management during excavation. 5.! Summary of the assemblages. 6.! Where in the succession does the Tucannon Phase end? 7.! Effects of rodent disturbance in floodplain loess (Stratum III). 8.! Raw material: sources, technology, trade, & regional interaction. 9.! Fresh water mussel shell over time – implications. 10.!Fishing technology – implications. 11.!Faunal remains – potential for future analysis. 12.!Faunal remains – rodents in two contexts. 13.!Cobble implements – reduction and edge-ware studies. 14.!The value of manuports and fire-cracked rock. 15.! An unusual artifact from Assemblage 3C (Tucannon Phase).

WHAT WE WILL COVER:

The Tucannon Drainage Seen from Space. The arrow marks the mouth of the Tucannon River and the Location of 45Co1.

Topography in the vicinity of 45Co1 (red dot).

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Excavations at 45Co1. After Nelson 1966.

Stratigraphic Succession at 45Co1 After Nelson 1966 with dates to left added.

Left. Stratigraphic succession in the control block.

Above. The unconformity and paraconformity housing Assemblage 1 at 45Co1.

?K$

LA$

LK$

?M$

45Co1. Beaver remains from just below Assemblage 1 unconformity.

Coring the floodplain adjacent to 45Co1.

The north-south bulldozer cutting at 45Co1.

Establishing control points in the north-south bulldozer trench at 45Co1.

?@A-B$N$O52'C7*5"*&;$2"#$52,'>;,':"*4$5#G1#&4#$'2$2"#$C-P-0$-3$2"#$.-J#,$2,#&4"<$K$"-::#,$0-,2',$*5$5"-I&$!"#

$!%&'$0',(*&;$K55#0C7';#$LA<$

Laying out a trench in the lower bulldozer cutting at 45Co1. The stakes are one meter apart.

45Co1. Sampling the strata in the control

block.

45Co1. All the sediment was wet screened.

45Co1. On-site catalog & level-data table.

45Co1. Evening numbering and catalog review.

45Co1 Artifacts from Assemblage 1.

45Co1. Cold Springs Side Notched points & Cascade points from Assemblage 2A.

45Co1. Bone & Ground Stone tools from Assemblage 2A.

45Co1. Stone tools from Assemblages 3A, the earliest Tucannon Phase components at the site.

45Co1. Artifacts from Assemblage 3C, a mid-Tucannon Phase components.

45Co1. Assemblages 4C (left) & 4D (right), late Tucannon Phase.

45Co1. Assemblages 4H-4J (left); 4K & 4L (right), Harder Phase.

Surface Geology of the Columbia Plateau. Loess is in various shades of tan.

Loess Deposits of the Columbia Plateau

Krotovinas in the upper 50 cm. of Stratum III at 45Co1.

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The vertical distribution of material from 4 distinctive pieces of silica in Stratum III at 45Co1.

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45Co1. Dispersion by size of debris from Cores 1 & 2.

45Co1. Silica waste as a % of all fine-grained

waste.

Harder

Tucannon

Phases

45Co1. The frequency of silica waste in late Tucannon & Harder Phase assemblages.

LLK$

LA$

LK$

TK$

TK$

TK$

Lind Coulee

The use of chert pebbles in the Cold Springs and

Tucannon Phases at 45Co1. A similar chert from Lind Coulee for comparison.

Weathered Fine-grained

“glossy”

Unweathered Fine-grained

Coarse- Grained

45Co1. Three artifacts from Assemblage 2A (Cold Springs Phase) illustrating the grain size distinctions used in this presentation.

Phase

Harder

Tucannon

Fine-grained basalt & rhyolite waste from 45Co1 as a % of fine-grained waste used to make small flake tools. Excludes coarse-grained lavas used to make cobble tools.

45Co1. Lava waste of all types as a proportion of all waste.

Harder

Tucannon

Phases

45Co1 Cobble Tools

vs Waste from making Cobble Tools

Harder

Tucannon

Phases

Cold Springs

45CO1. Cobble Tools as a % of all Flaked Tools.

45Co1. Cobble flake tools from Assemblage 3A, including “boulder chip knives.”

45Co1. Cobble flake tools, mainly “boulder chip knives”, as a percentage of all flake tools.

Harder

Tucannon

Phases

Cold Springs

Harder

Tucannon

Phases

Cold Springs

45Co1. FLAKED STONE TOOLS Total Total Total

Other Cobble Flaked Small All

Ass. Cobble Core Flaked Possible Flake Cobble Flake Flaked

Choppers Tools Cobbles Weights Tools Tools Tools Tools

4L 81 4 15 8 15 123 143 266

4K 7 6 10 3 7 33 49 82

4J 7 3 5 1 0 16 47 63

4I 3 3 7 3 4 20 45 65

4H 4 3 7 0 2 16 41 57

4G 6 1 0 0 4 11 21 32

4F 5 2 2 0 4 13 31 44

4E 6 2 5 1 10 24 41 65

4D 15 2 6 0 17 40 40 80

4C 20 4 10 1 12 47 36 83

4B 24 1 5 2 18 50 66 116

4A 7 1 3 2 14 27 26 53

3C 103 17 69 5 91 285 164 449

3B 22 5 7 5 25 64 31 95

3A 134 19 43 16 101 313 198 511

2B-2D 6 5 5 2 13 31 5 36

2A 141 24 57 22 119 363 316 679

1x 14 2 1 1 12 30 44 74

45Co1. Flaked stone tools. Excludes hammerstones, pestles, mortars, anvils and ground stone tools.

EDGE WARE - none w? very slight or questionable w edge-worn W worn facet along edge

EDGE BLUNTING

n = 55

n = 91

45Co1. Edge-ware on complete cobble implements from Assem-blage 3A (after Nelson, 1967, fig. 16).

This figure demonstrates the potential for use ware analysis at the Tucannon Site. Edge ware is common throughout the se-quence and on small flake tools such as the end scraper seen below.

A-,#$!--75$

U7'(#$!--75$

TK$

45Co1. Cobble Flake Tools of coarse-grained volcanics from Assemblage 3A.

45Co1. Cobble Flake Tools of coarse-grained volcanics from Assemblage 3A.

45Co1. Cobble Tools of coarse-grained volcanics from Assemblage 3A.

45Co1. Cobble Tools of coarse-grained volcanics, including possible weights, from Assemblage 3A.

45Co1. Cobble Tools of coarse-grained volcanics from Assemblage 3A.

45Co1. Cobble Tools of coarse-grained volcanics from Assemblage 3A.

45Co1. Cobble Cores of coarse-grained volcanics from Assemblage 3A.

45Co1. Flakes of fine-grained raw

materials from Assemblage 3A.

Blades & blade-like flakes, a-e; platform removal flakes, f & i; flakes with facetted & ground platforms, g & j; pseudo-levallois flake, h.

45Co1. Flakes of fine-grained raw

materials from Assemblage 3A.

Blades & blade-like flakes with point platforms suggesting the use of punch. Some have edge-ground or facetted platforms. Most were probably struck from elongated discoidal cores.

45Co1. Flakes of fine-grained raw

materials from Assemblage 3A.

Platform removal flakes useful in reconstructing core morphology at various stages of reduction.

45Co1. Unmodified manuports as a % of all waste.

SANDS

FLOOD PLAIN LOESS

45Co1. Obsidian waste as a % of all fine-grained waste.

Harder

Tucannon

Phases

Preliminary source analysis of obsidian waste from 45Co1.

Cold Springs

Tucannon

Harder 4L 5 4K 0 4J 3 4I 4 4H 2 4G 1 4F 0 4E 0 4D 1 4C 2 4B 7 4A 3 3C 10 3B 2 3A 11 2A 5 1 0

VD!$KVKMWXOY$!--75$$Z'52#$

14

142

Harder

Tucannon

Cold Springs

Phases

45Co1. Fire-cracked rock as a proportion of all manuports.

45Co1. Fish remains by assemblage.

4L 18 4K 18 4J 8 4I 29 4H 17 4G 21 4F 31 4E 41 4D 54 4C 34 4B 48 4A 32 3C 77 3A 90 2A 9 1 0

Harder

Tucannon

Cold Springs

Phases

After Nelson et al. 1968

Selected fishing implements from 45Co1.

Total %

Possible Cobble Possible

Ass. Weights Toots Weights

4L 8 123 6.5

4K 3 33 9.1

4J 1 16 6.3

4I 3 20 15.0

4H 0 16 0.0

4G 0 11 0.0

4F 0 13 0.0

4E 1 24 4.2

4D 0 40 0.0

4C 1 47 2.1

4B 2 50 4.0

4A 2 27 7.4

3C 5 285 1.8

3B 5 64 7.8

3A 16 313 5.1

2B-2D 2 31 6.5

2A 22 363 6.1

1 1 30 3.3

LA$LA$LK$

?A$

45Co1. Possible Net Weights.

Ground squirrel 92 29

Pocket gopher 12 4 Cottontail 10 1

Pica ? 1 1 Vole 2 1

Kangaroo rat 1 1

Unidentified 36 Totals: 154 37

Beaver (not in diagram) 22 2

n MNI

45Co1. Rodent remains from Assemblage 3A.

9"-2-[$\,-1&.$%G1*,,#7$3,-0$K55#0C7';#$?R<$

Ass 4I

Flaked bone tools are common in the Cold Springs and Tucannon Phases at 45Co1. Flaking is used to shape bone before grinding and to create simple flaked tools such as side scrapers. Other examples are likely to be ground tools broken in the early stages of manufacture.

45Co1/1120. Ground obsidian chisel from Assemblage 3C, Tucannon Phase. Note the red ochre in some of the incised lines.

It is broken at the base. White bar is 1 cm. long.

Credits

Site photos primarily by David G. Rice

Assemblage photos by Charles G. Nelson Artifact drawings by Eric Irene Cavanaugh

Slide scanning by Leonard Durenberger Citations:

Nelson, Charles M., 1966, A Preliminary Report on 45CO1, a Stratified Open Site in the Southern Columbia Plateau. WSU, R of I No. 39. Pullman.

Nelson, Charles M., 1967, Some Problems Encountered in Describing a Series of Stone Tools from 45Co1, a Site in the Southern Columbia Plateau. Ms., 32 pp., 26 figs.

Nelson, Charles M., Warren Debose, and Diane Gifford, 1968, Faunal Remains from Assemblage 3A, Site 45CO1. Report on file at WSU.

Blame me for the rest – CMN.