Post on 26-Dec-2015
Topography of the USTopography of the US
The Contour of the USThe Contour of the US
Topography of the
Northeast
Topography of the
Northeast
New York’s CanalsNew York’s Canals
North-South Divide: The Mason-Dixon LineNorth-South Divide:
The Mason-Dixon Line
Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon: 1763-1767
Topography of the SoutheastTopography of the Southeast
Bodies of WaterBodies of Water
Chesapeake Bay
Great Salt Lake
LakeOkeechobee
RiversRivers
Hudson R
.
Mississip
pi R
. Ohio R.
Missouri R
.
Arkansas R.
Colorado R.
Columbia R.
Yukon R.
Rio Grande R.
St. La
wre
nce
R.
Chesapeake Bay
Mountains & PlateausMountains & Plateaus
App
alac
hian
Mts
.
Rocky Mts.
Cas
cade
Mts
.
Sierra N
evada M
ts.
Alaskan Range
Adi
rond
ack
Mts
.
Completed MapCompleted Map
LakeOkeechobee
Chesapeake Bay
App
alac
hian
Mts
.
Rocky Mts.
Cas
cade
Mts
.
Sierra N
evada M
ts.
Alaskan Range
Adi
rond
ack
Mts
.
Central P
lainsGulf Coastal Plains
Great Basin
Cum
berl
and
Plat
eau
Hudson R
.
Mississip
pi R
. Ohio R.
Missouri R
.
Arkansas R.
Colorado R.
Columbia R.
Yukon R.
Rio Grande R.
St. La
wre
nce
R.
Great Salt Lake
Mohave Desert
Death Valley
The American Landscape
English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660
Virginia & Maryland
The Charter of the Virginia Company:
Guaranteed colonists same rights as Englishmen.
1607 Jamestown,
Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.
English ColonizationEnglish Colonization
Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay
Geographic/environmental problems??
TIDEWATER
Jamestown Colonization Pattern:1620-1660
Jamestown Colonization Pattern:1620-1660
Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map
Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map
Jamestown HousingJamestown Housing
High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy
1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War
Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.
1622 Indians attacked English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].
Peace Treaty of 1646
Removed Powhatans from their land
Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
Powhatan Uprisingof 1622
Powhatan Uprisingof 1622
Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710
Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622 —60,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.
Indentured
Servitude
Indentured
Servitude
HeadrightSystem
Indentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude
Headright System: Each Virginian got 50 acres for
each person whose passage they paid.
Indenture Contract: 5-7 years.
1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!
17c Populationin the Chesapeake
17c Populationin the Chesapeake
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black
Royal charter granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.
A proprietary colony created in 1634.
A healthier locationthan Jamestown.
Tobacco = main crop.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.
Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.
Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at end of the 17c.
Maryland: Catholic HavenMaryland: Catholic Haven
Colonization of Maryland
Colonization of Maryland
Colonizing New England
Colonizing New England
Separatists: PilgrimsSeparatists: Pilgrims
vs. vs.
PuritansPuritans
1620 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] Negotiated with the
Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.
Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish.
Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company. Became squatters without legal right to
land & specific authority to establish a govt.
The MayflowerThe Mayflower
The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620
The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620
The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620
The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.
Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.
Signed by 41 adult males.
Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.
That First Year….That First Year….Winter of 1620-1621
Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.
None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.
Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.” Colony survived with fur [especially
beaver], fish, and lumber.
Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.
1691 only 7,000 people
Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Sources of Puritan Migration
Sources of Puritan Migration
The MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay Colony1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships
Established a colony with Boston as its hub.
“Great Migration” of the 1630s Turmoil in England [leading to the English
Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.
20,000 came to MA
John Winthrop: 1st governor of Massachusetts.
Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead.
Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.
Land Division inSudbury, MA: 1639-
1656
Land Division inSudbury, MA: 1639-
1656
Characteristics of New England Settlements
Characteristics of New England Settlements
Low mortality average life expectancy was 70 years of age.
Many extended families.
Average 6 children per family.
Average age at marriage: Women – 22 years old
Men – 27 years old.
PatriarchyPatriarchy
Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household.
Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.
Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Young, popular minister in Salem. Argued for a full break
with the Anglican Church.
Condemned MA Bay Charter.
• Did not give fair compensation to Indians.
Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior.
1635 found guilty of preaching newe & dangerous opinions and was exiled.
Roger Williams
1636 Roger Williams fled there. MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him
to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.
Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI
• Universal manhood suffrage later restricted by a property qualification.
• Opposed to special privilege of any kind freedom of opportunity for all.
RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters More liberal than any other colony!
Rhode IslandRhode Island
Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.
Threatened patriarchal control.
Antinomialism [direct revelation] Means “against the law.”
Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination.
Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.
Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.
Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”
AnneHutchinson
1638 she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.
Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.
Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??
Puritan leaders banished her she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY. She and all but one member of her family
were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.
John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!
Anne Hutchinson’s Trial
Anne Hutchinson’s Trial
New England Spreads Out
New England Spreads Out
The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637
The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637Pequots very
powerful tribein CT river valley.
1637 PequotWar
Whites, withNarragansettIndian allies,attacked Pequotvillage on Mystic River.
Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!
Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.
Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE.
Metacom [King Philip to white settlers] Massasoit’s son united
Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.
Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
The war ended in failure for the Indians Metacom beheaded and drawn and
quartered.
His son and wife sold into slavery.
Never a serious threat in New England again!!
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
Population of the New England Colonies
Population of the New England Colonies
Population Comparisons:New England v. the
Chesapeake
Population Comparisons:New England v. the
Chesapeake
Settled during the Reign of Charles II
Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”]
Colonies
Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”]
Colonies
New Netherlands
New Netherlands
1600s Golden Age of Dutch history. Major commercial, colonial and naval
power.
Challenging England on the seas.
New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624) Established by Dutch West India
Company for quick-profit fur trade.
Manhattan [New Amsterdam] Purchased by Company for pennies per
(22,000) acre.
Company town run in interests of the stockholders.
No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.
Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.
Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.
Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.
New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639
New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639
New Amsterdam, 1660
New Amsterdam, 1660
Characteristics of New Amsterdam: Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates
granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].
Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.
New York
Manors &
Land Grants
Patroonships
New Netherlands &New Sweden
New Netherlands &New Sweden
New Netherlands Becomes British Colony
New Netherlands Becomes British Colony1655 Dutch take New Swedend
Charles II gave New Netherlands to his brother, Duke of York
1664 English soldiers arrived. Dutch had little ammunition and poor
defenses.
Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.
Renamed “New York” England gained strategic harbor between
her northern & southern colonies.
England now controlled the Atlantic coast!
New Amsterdam, 1664
New Amsterdam, 1664
Dutch Residue in New York
Dutch Residue in New YorkEarly 20c Dutch Revival
Building in NYC.
New York Cityseal.
Names Harlem, Brooklyn
Architecture gambrel roof
Customs Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].
Aristocratic Englishman.
1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith.
1681 he received agrant from king toestablish a colony. This settled a debt the king owed his father.
He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest. Liberal land policy attracted many
immigrants.
William PennWilliam Penn
Penn & Native Americans
Penn & Native Americans
Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.
Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.
BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA
Treated native peoples poorly.
This undermined the actions of the Quakers!
Penn’s Treaty with theNative Americans
Penn’s Treaty with theNative Americans
A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!
Attracted different religious and ethnic groups
Philadelphia & Boston Compared
Philadelphia & Boston Compared
Urban Population Growth
1650 - 1775
Urban Population Growth
1650 - 1775
New Jersey — PA’s Neighbor
New Jersey — PA’s Neighbor1664 aristocratic
proprietors rcvd. the area from Duke of York.
New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ.
Delaware — PA’s NeighborDelaware — PA’s Neighbor
Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610].
Closely associated with Penn’s colony.
1703 granted its own assembly.
Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.
Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups
18c Southern Colonies
18c Southern Colonies
CarolinasCarolinas
1670 a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina. Brought a few black slaves and a model
of the Barbados slave code with them.
Named for King Charles II.
The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Lord Proprietors]. They hoped to use Carolina to supply
their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.
Port of Charles Town, SC
Port of Charles Town, SC
Also named for King Charles II of England.
Became the busiest port in the South.
City with aristocratic feel.
Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic food in England. Was grown in Africa,
so planters imported West African slaves.
Slaves immune to malaria.
By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.
Crops of the Carolinas: Rice
Crops of the Carolinas: Rice
American Long Grain Rice
Crops of theCarolinas:
Indigo
Crops of theCarolinas:
IndigoIn colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.
Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.
Rice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-
1775
Rice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-
1775
The Emergence of North Carolina
The Emergence of North CarolinaNorthern part of Carolina shared a
border with VA VA dominated by aristocratic planters
who were generally Church of England members.
Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.
Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North Carolinians Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712 NC officially separated from SC.
Georgia-Debtors ColonyGeorgia-Debtors Colony
Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe
Last of the 13 colonies.
Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia: “Buffer” between Carolinas & Spanish
Florida.
A haven for debtors instead of prison.
Olgethorpe & trustees made all decisions for their “children” Plant 50 mulberry trees>silk
No slaves
Limits on land