Post on 29-Dec-2015
Today’s Topics
-review (inflections vs. categories)
-Lith. problem (pers. inflecs.)
-grammatical case inflections
-word formation
Review
Inflectional morphemes vs.
inflectional categories
Infl. categories: conceptional categories
that have an inflectional paradigm
(Eng: past tense, noun sg-pl)
Inflectional paradigms
paradigm:
related set of conceptual categories
(tense: pres-past-future; number: sg-pl
inflectional paradigm:
pres-past-fut tense:
PAST -(e)d is an inflectional morpheme:
added to the verb stem
Inflectional morphemes
inflectional morpheme -(e)d: walk-walked
what about sing-sang, speak-spoke?
no inflectional MORPHEME here:
two different roots (ablaut)
Class Problem #2
Lithuanian: ‘dream’ (Class Problem #2)
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
1PSg sapnúoju sapnavaũ sapnúosiu
2PSg sapnúoji sapnavaĩ sapnúosi
3Sg sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs
1PPl sapnúojame sapnãvome sapnúosime
2PPl sapnúojate sapnãvote sapnúosite
3Pl sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs
Class Problem #2, cont.Answers:
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
1PSg (sap-n)-úoj-u (sap-n)-av-aũ (sap-n)-úo-s-iu
2PSg -i -aĩ -i3Sg -a -o -Ø1PPl -ame -ome -ime2PPl -ate -ote -ite3Pl -a -o -Ø
Inflections, cont.
Inflectional paradigm: well-defined set of inflectional morphemes
Kinds covered so far?
tense, number, person, gender
Inflections, cont.
4. Grammatical case
Clicker Q #1:
Does English have grammatical case?
A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends
Grammatical Case, cont.
Answer: All lgs have grammatical case.
Clicker Q #2:
Is grammatical case a conceptual category for English?
A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends
Grammatical case, cont.
Answer: A or C.
Pronouns:
Nominative—NonNominative
I me
they them...
(to, at, for, from) me
Grammatical case, cont.
Lithuanian case paradigm: 1st and 2nd declensions
tree bread
– Nominative mìs˘k-as dúon-a Subject
– Genitive mìs˘k -o dúon-os‘of’
– Dative mìs˘k-ui dúon -ai ‘to, for’
– Accusative mìs˘k -a˛ dúon-a˛ DirObj
– Instrumental mis˘k -ù dúon-a ‘with, by’
– Locative mìs˘k -è duo`n-oje‘in, on, at’
II. Word Formation
• Payne’s ‘Big Ten’ morphological processes
• (PREFIX)-ROOT-(SUFFIX)-(INFLEC. suffix) = stem
re- writ- ing -s
A. Prefixation
Eng.: re-write (*re-happy)
un-happy, un-do
anti-social (*anti-do)
Clicker Q #3:
Do any English prefixes have a grammatical function?
A =Yes, B =No
Prefixation, cont.
Answer: No.
Cf. grammatical prefixes:
ASPECTUAL prefixes (Slavic lgs)
Verbal ASPECT vs. Tense
Aspect
Example:
PERFECTIVE vs. IMPERFECTIVE
(completion, result) (anything else)
Some languages (but not English) mark this
opposition morphologically.
Aspect, cont.
Clicker Q #4: A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4
How many of the following sentences is
in the Imperfective aspect?
‘I wrote a poem today.’
‘I wrote a poem painstakingly.’
‘I was writing a poem when you called.’
‘I wrote a poem every day.’
Aspect, cont.
Clicker Q #5:
Does English mark for aspect morphologically?
A = Yes, B = No
Aspect, cont.
Answer: Yes.
PROGRESSIVE vs. HABITUALI am swimming. I swim for exercise.
PROGRES. vs. PF and IMPFI was swimming. I swam a mile.
I swam for hours.
Aspect, cont.
Clicker Q #6:
What aspect(s) does the present tense have?
A = Perfective.
B = Imperfective.
C = Both.
Aspect, cont.
Answer: Imperfective.
Back to prefixation:
PERFECTIVIZING prefixes (Slavic)
Most unprefixed verbs in Slavic are Imperfective: Russ. pisat’ ‘write’
Perfectivizing prefixes, cont.
na-pisat’ ‘write-PF’za-pisat’ ‘write down-PF’pere-pisat’ ‘rewrite-PF’pod-pisat’ ‘sign-PF’do-pisat’ ‘finish writing-PF’
Aktionsarten
B. Suffixation
English:
Nominalizing:
happi-ness from Adj.
edit-ion from Verb
edit-or Agentive, from Verb
Suffixation, cont.
Adjectival suffixes:
from verbs read-able
ed-able
from nouns child-like
child-ish
bratt-y
Suffixation, cont.
Adverbial:
from adjs.: slow-ly
from nouns:hour-ly
from verbs?swimming-ly?
Suffixation, cont.
IMPERFECTIVIZING suffixes (Slavic)
pisat-IMPF’ — za-pisat’-PF (Russ.)
‘write’ ‘write down’
IMPF of za-pisat’?
za-pis-iva(j)-t’
C. Infixation
Bontoc (Austronesian):
fikas > fumikas
'strong' 'strength'
ADJ NOUN
D. Stem Modification
Example?
Ablaut:
Eng/Ger sing-sang-(ge)sung(en)
Eng take-took-taken
Eng write-writ
E. Autosegmental Variation
English examples?
re-córd vs. réc-ord
con-vért cón-vert
per-mít pér-mit
Function? Rule? Limitations?
III. Word Formation Rules
Notation systems for showing these:
position-class diagramming
vs. process rules
Position-Class Diagramming
1. Isolate root
2. Identify affixes
3. Estimate the order of the morphemes
4. Analyze any prefixes
5. Analyze any suffixes
Class Problem #3
Russian: pisat' to write, be writingpisal(a) he(she) wrote/was writingpisanie a writingpis˘u I write/am writingpis˘es you write/are writingperepisat’ to rewrite (once)perepisal(a) he(she) rewrote (once)perepis˘u I will rewrite (once)perepis˘es˘ you will rewrite (once)perepisanie a rewriteperepisivaju I rewrite, am rewritingperepisivajes˘ you rewrite, are rewritingperepisivat' to be rewriting, rewrite a lot perepisival(a) he(she) was rewriting, rewrote a
lotperepisivanie the process of rewriting
Clicker Q #7
Which suffix is the Present Tense suffix in the forms of Russian pisat’?
A. -a-
B. -s˘-C. -u and -es˘D. -ivaj-
E. none of the above
Answer
E. None
AnswerPrefix ROOT Suffix1 Suffix2 (Suffix3)
pere- pis- -a- -nie (noun) -ivaj- -t' (inf)
-l Past -Ø MascSg
-u 1Sg -a FemSg -es˘ 2Sg
PfPrefix ROOT ImpfSuffix Nominalizing Suffix (Gender Suffix) Infinitive Suffix Past Tense Suffix Masc, Fem Sg 1PSg Suffix
2PSg Suffix
Morphophonemic changes:Process Rules
In 1-2Sg Non-Past, where no Imperfectivizing suffix:
(pere-) pis-a-t’ Inf (pere-) pis-a-l-a Past
(pere-) pis˘-u 1PSg (pere-) pis˘-es˘ 2PSg
BUT: (pere-) pis-ivaj-u Derived Impf
Consonant mutation
(pere-) pis-a-u
-es˘ > (pere-) pis˘-u-es˘
V > Ø / ___ -V
C > C’ (palatalized)
Note rule ordering here
Consonant truncation
pere-pis-ivaj-u NonPast 1PSg
-es˘ NonPast 2PSg
BUT: pere-pis-iva-t’ INF
-l(a) PAST
RULE: j > Ø /____-C
Process Rules, cont.
METATHESIS: reordering of sounds in a morphemeor across a morpheme boundary
Bg: NonPast — Imperativedu˘rz˘-a dru˘z˘-Ø
I hold/am holding hold (it)!
Clicker Q #6: What is the root?A. du˘rz˘ B. dru˘z˘ C. neither D.
both
Methathesis answer:
4. Both (or 3. neither)
More data:du˘rz˘-a NonPast1PSg dru˘z˘-Ø Imperative
2Sg -es˘ “ 2PSg -te “ 2Pl -ex PastImperfect1PSg -ka Noun ‘a handle’ -es˘e “ 2PSg
Rule
If postulate two roots: du˘rz˘ and dru˘z Cu˘rC-V Cru˘C-C
-Ø
If postulate one root: drz˘ CrC > Cu˘rC /___-V, Cru˘C /___-C
-Ø
One-root solution:
Similar to non-concatenative morphologyBiblical Hebrew ktb root 'write'
kətob Imperative
katob Infinitive
etc.
Cf. Serbian/Croatian: drz˘! ‘hold it!’ grl-o ‘throat’