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THE WTO ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT
This is a unique article-by-article commentary on the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement, offering an essential and comprehensive insightinto WTO case-law. This commentary is an indispensable reference toolfor government officials, practitioners and academics working on anti-dumping issues. The commentary’s structure allows the reader to identifyimmediately which disputes are relevant for the interpretation of eachprovision. It offers a clear analysis of the applicable rules and a compre-hensive explanation of what, as a result of the WTO case-law, those rulesmean. This commentary has been written by practitioners who have allbeen directly involved in a large number of WTO disputes and who haveextensive experience in anti-dumping investigations and in challenginganti-dumping determinations before the WTO and national courts.
Philippe De Baere is Managing Partner at Van Bael & Bellis (Brussels).Philippe’s practice focuses on EU and WTO trade law. He has beeninvolved in most major EU anti-dumping, anti-circumvention and anti-subsidy proceedings since 1990. Philippe is considered to be one of theleading litigators in cases involving the imposition of trade defencemeasures. He has successfully assisted WTO Members in a great numberof disputes relating to the compatibility of anti-dumping measures andnational legislation with the Anti-Dumping Agreement.
Clotilde du Parc is Partner at Van Bael & Bellis and Head of its Genevaoffice. Clotilde specialises in international trade law, with a particularemphasis on WTO law and EU customs law. Clotilde’s practice is pri-marily focused on WTO dispute settlement proceedings in which shecounsels and assists governments at all stages of the proceedings. She hassuccessfully represented WTO Members in several WTO disputes involv-ing trade defence measures and, in particular, anti-dumping measures.
Isabelle Van Damme is Partner at Van Bael & Bellis (Brussels). Isabelleadvises clients on WTO procedural and substantive law and representsgovernments in WTO dispute settlement proceedings. She also has sig-nificant expertise in the areas of public international law and EU law.Isabelle was previously a référendaire in the chambers of AdvocateGeneral Sharpston at the Court of Justice of the European Union. Shehas also taught at the University of Cambridge, Université Catholique deLouvain, the World Trade Institute and KU Leuven. She has publishedwidely on public international law, WTO law and EU law.
Cambridge University Press978-1-108-42351-9 — The WTO Anti-Dumping AgreementPhilippe De Baere , Clotilde du Parc , Isabelle Van Damme FrontmatterMore Information
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-42351-9 — The WTO Anti-Dumping AgreementPhilippe De Baere , Clotilde du Parc , Isabelle Van Damme FrontmatterMore Information
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
THE WTO ANTI-DUMPING
AGREEMENT
A Detailed Commentary
PHILIPPE DE BAERE
CLOTILDE DU PARC
ISABELLE VAN DAMME
Cambridge University Press978-1-108-42351-9 — The WTO Anti-Dumping AgreementPhilippe De Baere , Clotilde du Parc , Isabelle Van Damme FrontmatterMore Information
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www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108423519
DOI: 10.1017/9781108526241
© Philippe De Baere, Clotilde du Parc and Isabelle Van Damme 2021
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Names: Baere, Philippe De, author. | du Parc, Clotilde, author. | Van Damme, Isabelle, author.Title: The WTO anti-dumping agreement : a detailed commentary / Philippe De Baere,
Van Baels & Bellis; Clotilde du Parc, Van Baels & Bellis; Isabelle Van Damme,Van Baels & Bellis.
Other titles: Anti-Dumping Agreement (1994 April 14).Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2021. |
Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2020058194 (print) | LCCN 2020058195 (ebook) | ISBN 9781108423519
(hardback) | ISBN 9781108526241 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Anti-Dumping Agreement (1994 April 14). | Dumping (International trade)–Law
and legislation. | Antidumping duties–Law and legislation. | LCGFT: Treaties.Classification: LCC K4635.A41994 B34 2021 (print) | LCC K4635.A41994 (ebook) |
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CONTENTS
Foreword page xxiiAcknowledgements xxivList of Abbreviations xxvCited WTO Panel and Appellate Body Reports, Initiated WTODisputes and Their Common Abbreviations xxviiCited GATT Panel Reports and Their CommonAbbreviations xliv
I Introduction 1
1 The Origins of Anti-Dumping and the Regulationof Dumping 11.1 The GATT 1947 and the Anti-Dumping Codes 11.2 The Uruguay Round 31.3 The Doha Round and Other Issues 61.4 The Object and Purpose of Anti-Dumping 9
2 The Temporal Scope of Application of theAnti-Dumping Agreement 12
3 The Relationship of the Anti-Dumping Agreement with theGATT 1994, Other Agreements and WTO Protocolsof Accession 133.1 GATT 1994 13
3.1.1 Introduction 133.1.2 Relationship with Article VI of the GATT 1994 14
3.1.2.1 Introduction 143.1.2.2 Article VI:1 of the GATT 1994 173.1.2.3 Article VI:2 of the GATT 1994 193.1.2.4 Article VI:4 of the GATT 1994 203.1.2.5 Article VI:5 of the GATT 1994 203.1.2.6 Article VI:6 of the GATT 1994 203.1.2.7 Article VI:7 of the GATT 1994 21
3.1.3 Relationship with Articles I and II of theGATT 1994 21
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3.2 Relationship with the SCM Agreement 243.2.1 Harmonious Interpretation of Similar Substantive and
Procedural Provisions of the Anti-Dumping Agreement andthe SCM Agreement 24
3.2.2 The Prohibition of Double Remedies 253.3 Relationship with the Agreement on Safeguards 283.4 Relationship with the DSU 293.5 WTO Accession Protocols and Working Party Reports 30
3.5.1 Introduction 303.5.2 Commitments of New WTO Members That Do Not Have
Anti-Dumping Legislation at the Time ofTheir Accession 31
3.5.3 Commitments of New WTO Members HavingAnti-Dumping Legislation in Place at the Timeof Their Accession 31
3.5.4 Additional Commitments of New WTO MembersConsidered to Be in the Process of Transition towards a FullMarket Economy 36
II Article 1 – Principles 44
1 Introduction 44
2 The Consequential Nature of Claims under Article 1 45
3 The Meaning of Anti-Dumping Measures 46
4 The Relationship between Article VI of the GATT 1994 andthe Anti-Dumping Agreement 48
5 The Anti-Dumping Agreement Does Not Require WTOMembers to Adopt Anti-Dumping Legislation 49
III Article 2 – Determination of Dumping 50
1 Introduction 53
2 The Definition of Dumping (Article 2.1) 542.1 Dumping Is a Uniform Concept 542.2 Article 2.1 Is a Definitional Provision 542.3 The ‘Less than Its Normal Value’ Standard and the Definition of
‘Normal Value’ 552.4 Article 2.1 Does Not Define the Period of Investigation 57
3 Normal Value Determination Where Normal Value Is NotBased on Domestic Sales Prices (Articles 2.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1and 2.2.2) 573.1 Introduction 573.2 Circumstances in Which Normal Value Need Not Be Determined
on the Basis of Domestic Sales Prices and Alternative Methods toDetermine Normal Value (Article 2.2) 58
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3.2.1 Introduction 583.2.2 Circumstances in Which Normal Value Need Not
Be Determined on the Basis of Domestic SalesPrices 593.2.2.1 When There Are No Sales of the Like Product
in the Ordinary Course of Trade in the Domestic
Market of the Exporting Country 593.2.2.2 When, because of the Low Volume of the Sales in
the Domestic Market of the Exporting Country,
Those Sales Do Not Permit a Proper
Comparison 603.2.2.3 When, because of the Particular Market Situation,
the Sales in the Domestic Market Do Not Permit a
Proper Comparison 603.2.3 Alternative Methods Identified in Article 2.2 64
3.2.3.1 Introduction 643.2.3.2 Method 1: Third-Country Sales 653.2.3.3 Method 2: Constructed Normal Value 67
3.3 Sales below Costs (Article 2.2.1) 723.3.1 Introduction 723.3.2 Sales Made at Prices below Per Unit Costs of Production
Plus Selling, General and Administrative Costs 743.3.3 Sales Made within an Extended Period of Time, in
Substantial Quantities and at Prices Which Do Not Providefor the Recovery of All Costs within a Reasonable Periodof Time 74
3.4 The Calculation of Costs (Article 2.2.1.1) 763.4.1 Introduction 763.4.2 First Sentence: Obligation to Use the Exporter’s or
Producer’s Records to Calculate the Costs 763.4.2.1 Introduction 763.4.2.2 The Records Are Not Consistent with
the GAAP 773.4.2.3 The Records Do Not Reasonably Reflect the Costs
Associated with the Production and Sale of
the Product 783.4.2.4 Other Situations 80
3.4.3 Second Sentence: Obligation to Consider All AvailableEvidence on the Proper Allocation of Costs 833.4.3.1 The Obligation to ‘Consider’ All
Available Evidence 833.4.3.2 The Evidence to Be Considered 843.4.3.3 Proper Cost Allocation Methodology 86
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3.4.4 Third Sentence: Adjustments for Non-Recurring Costs andStart-Up Operations 873.4.4.1 Introduction 873.4.4.2 Non-Recurring Costs 873.4.4.3 Start-Up Costs 88
3.4.5 Applicability of Article 2.2.1.1 in the Context ofReviews 88
3.5 The Determination of the Amounts for Selling, Generaland Administrative Costs (‘SG&A’) and for Profits(Article 2.2.2) 893.5.1 Introduction 893.5.2 Preferred Method: Actual Data Pertaining to Production
and Sales in the Ordinary Course of Trade of theLike Product 893.5.2.1 Introduction 893.5.2.2 The Notion of SG&A 903.5.2.3 Ordinary Course of Trade 91
3.5.3 Alternative Methods for Determining Amounts for SG&Aand for Profits 923.5.3.1 Introduction 923.5.3.2 No Hierarchy among the Alternative
Methods 923.5.3.3 First Alternative Method (Article 2.2.2(i)) 933.5.3.4 Second Alternative Method (Article 2.2.2(ii)) 933.5.3.5 Any Other Reasonable Method
(Article 2.2.2(iii)) 94What Constitutes ‘Any Other ReasonableMethod’ 94The Obligation to Calculate a Profit Cap 95Defining ‘the Same General Categoryof Products’ 96
3.5.3.6 No Separate Reasonability Test 97
4 Constructed Export Price (Article 2.3) 974.1 Introduction 974.2 The Export Price 984.3 ‘Unreliable’ Actual Export Prices 994.4 Methodology for Constructing the Export Price 1024.5 Adjustments to Be Made 104
5 Fair Comparison between the Export Price and the NormalValue (Article 2.4) 1065.1 Introduction 1065.2 A Fair Comparison between the Export Price and the
Normal Value 1075.2.1 The General Obligation of a Fair Comparison (First
Sentence of Article 2.4) 107
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5.2.2 Comparison at the Same Level of Trade and in Respect ofSales Made at as Nearly as Possible the Same Time (SecondSentence of Article 2.4) 108
5.2.3 Due Allowances (Third, Fourth and Fifth Sentences ofArticle 2.4) 1095.2.3.1 Due Allowances for Differences Affecting
Price Comparability 1105.2.3.2 Methodologies for Calculating Adjustments 1155.2.3.3 Allowances Related to the Construction of the
Export Price 1165.3 Information Concerning Allowances and the Burden of Proof
(Sixth Sentence of Article 2.4) 1165.4 Currency Conversions (Article 2.4.1) 1215.5 Calculation of Dumping Margins – W-W and T-T Methodologies
(First Sentence of Article 2.4.2) 1235.5.1 Introduction 1235.5.2 Zeroing under the W-W and T-T Methodologies 125
5.6 The W-T Methodology and Targeted Dumping (Second Sentenceof Article 2.4.2) 1285.6.1 Introduction 1285.6.2 Identifying a Pattern of Prices Which Differ Significantly
among Different Purchasers, Regions orTime Periods 128
5.6.3 The ‘Explanation Clause’ 1305.6.4 The Scope of the W-T Methodology 1305.6.5 Treatment of Non-Pattern Transactions 1305.6.6 Zeroing under the W-T Methodology 132
6 Determining Dumping in Case Products Are Exported froman Intermediate Country (Article 2.5) 133
7 Definition of ‘Like Product’ for the Purposes of theAnti-Dumping Agreement (Article 2.6) 1347.1 Introduction 1347.2 ‘Product under Consideration’ 1357.3 ‘Like Product’ 136
8 Calculation of Normal Value for Imports from CertainNon-Market Economies (Article 2.7) 1388.1 Introduction 1388.2 The Second Ad Note to Article VI:1 Only Applies to Certain Forms
of NMEs 1398.3 The Second Ad Note to Article VI:1 Only Relates to Normal
Value Determination 1398.4 Similar Exceptions Are Included in the Accession Protocols of
Certain WTO Members 140
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IV Article 3 – Determination of Injury 141
1 Introduction 143
2 Period of Investigation 1442.1 Introduction 1442.2 Recommendation of the Anti-Dumping Committee 1452.3 The Selection of the Period of Investigation Is Subject to the
Overarching Obligations of ‘Positive Evidence’ and ‘ObjectiveExamination’ under Article 3.1 146
3 Sampling in Injury Determinations 147
4 The Injury Determination Must Be Based on PositiveEvidence and Involve an Objective Examination(Article 3.1) 1494.1 Introduction 1494.2 The Injury Determination Must Be Based on
‘Positive Evidence’ 1504.3 The Injury Determination Must Involve an
‘Objective Examination’ 152
5 Concept of ‘Dumped Imports’ 154
6 Volume and Price Effects Analysis (Article 3.2) 1566.1 Introduction 1566.2 Volume of Dumped Imports (First Sentence of
Article 3.2) 1586.3 Effect of Dumped Imports on Domestic Prices (Second Sentence
of Article 3.2) 1596.3.1 Introduction 1596.3.2 Price Comparability 1606.3.3 Price Undercutting 1616.3.4 Price Depression and Price Suppression 164
6.3.4.1 Inquiry as to Whether Dumped Imports Have
‘Explanatory Force’ for Significant Price
Suppression or Depression 1646.3.4.2 Parallel Trends 1676.3.4.3 Link between Price Depression and
Price Undercutting 167
7 Cumulation (Article 3.3) 1687.1 Introduction 1687.2 The Margin of Dumping Must Be More than De Minimis 1697.3 The Volume of Dumped Imports Must Not Be Negligible 1697.4 A Cumulative Assessment Must Be Appropriate in Light of the
Conditions of Competition 169
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8 Analysis of the Impact of the Dumped Imports(Article 3.4) 1728.1 Introduction 1728.2 The Factors to Be Examined 1738.3 Requirements Regarding the Evaluation of All Relevant Economic
Factors and Indices Having a Bearing on the State ofthe Industry 175
8.4 Examination of the Impact on the Domestic Industry as a Wholeor Only a Segment of the Market 177
9 Causation and Non-Attribution Analysis(Article 3.5) 1789.1 Introduction 1789.2 The Positive Test: The Existence of a Causal Relationship between
the Dumped Imports and the Injury 1789.3 The Negative Test: The Non-Attribution Analysis 180
10 Information Relating to Domestic Production of the LikeProduct (Article 3.6) 184
11 Threat of Material Injury (Articles 3.7 and 3.8) 18511.1 Introduction 18511.2 Determination of a Threat of Material Injury
(Article 3.7) 18511.2.1 General Obligations (First and Second Sentences of
Article 3.7) 18611.2.2 The Factors to Be Examined (Third and Fourth
Sentences of Article 3.7) 18811.3 The Special Care Provision (Article 3.8) 190
V Article 4 – Definition of Domestic Industry 192
1 Introduction 193
2 Definition of the ‘Domestic Industry’: General Observations(Article 4.1) 194
3 The ‘Major Proportion’ Requirement (Article 4.1) 196
4 Related Producers (Article 4.1(i)) 200
5 Regional Dumping (Articles 4.1(ii) and 4.2) 201
6 Dumping in Integrated Markets (Article 4.3) 203
7 Application of Article 3.6 (Article 4.4) 203
VI Article 5 – Initiation and Subsequent Investigation 204
1 Introduction 206
2 The Concept of ‘Investigations’ 207
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3 Bases to Initiate an Investigation (Articles 5.1, 5.2and 5.6) 2083.1 Introduction 2083.2 Initiation upon a Written Application by or on Behalf of the
Domestic Industry (Articles 5.1 and 5.2) 2083.2.1 Introduction 2083.2.2 Evidence of Dumping, Injury and a Causal Link 2093.2.3 Information as Is Reasonably Available to the Applicant
Regarding Certain Factors 2093.3 Self-Initiation by the Investigating Authorities (Article 5.6) 211
4 Conditions That Need to Be Satisfied in Order to Initiate anInvestigation Following an Application by or on Behalf of theDomestic Industry 2114.1 Introduction 2114.2 Application ‘by or on Behalf of the Domestic Industry’
(Article 5.4) 2124.3 Sufficient Evidence to Justify the Initiation of an Investigation
(Article 5.3) 2144.3.1 Introduction 2144.3.2 The Distinction between the Obligations under Articles 5.2
and 5.3 2154.3.3 Sufficient Evidence to Initiate an Investigation 2164.3.4 Evidence of Dumping 2174.3.5 Evidence of (Threat of ) Injury 219
5 Notification Requirements (Article 5.5) 2205.1 Introduction 2205.2 Obligation to Avoid Any Publicising of the Application 2215.3 Obligation to Notify the Government of the
Exporting Member 2215.3.1 Timing of Notification 2215.3.2 Form and Content of Notification 223
6 Continuous Obligations Relating to the Evidence ofDumping and Injury (Articles 5.7 and 5.8) 2256.1 Simultaneous Consideration of the Evidence of Dumping and
Injury (Article 5.7) 2256.2 Rejection of an Application and the Termination of an
Investigation (Article 5.8) 2266.2.1 The General Rule Regarding the Termination of
Investigation (First Sentence of Article 5.8) 2276.2.2 Rejection of an Application 2276.2.3 Termination of an Investigation after its Initiation 228
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6.2.4 Immediate Termination of the Investigation (Second,Third and Fourth Sentences of Article 5.8) 2286.2.4.1 De Minimis Margin of Dumping 2286.2.4.2 Negligible Volume of Dumped Imports 2306.2.4.3 Negligible Injury 232
6.2.5 Immediacy and Consequences of Termination 232
7 Anti-Dumping Proceedings and Customs Clearance(Article 5.9) 234
8 Time-Limits (Article 5.10) 235
VII Article 6 – Evidence 236
1 Introduction 241
2 The Definition of ‘Interested Parties’ (Article 6.11) 244
3 Requesting and Receiving Information from InterestedParties (Article 6.1) 2463.1 Introduction 2463.2 The Duty to Provide the Full Text of the Written Application
(Articles 6.1 and 6.1.3) 2473.3 The Duty to Give Notice of the Information Required from
Interested Parties and the Circulation of Questionnaires(Articles 6.1, 6.1.1 and 6.1.3) 2483.3.1 General Obligation to Give Notice of the
Information Required 2483.3.2 The Circulation of Questionnaires (Article 6.1.1) 250
3.3.2.1 Introduction 2503.3.2.2 The Definition of a Questionnaire 2513.3.2.3 The Time Period for Responding
to Questionnaires 2523.4 The Right of Interested Parties to Have Ample Opportunity to
Present All Evidence in Writing (Article 6.1) 255
4 The Protection of the Right of Interested Parties to DefendTheir Interests (Article 6.2) 2604.1 Scope of the Protection of the Rights of Defence of
Interested Parties 2604.2 Limitations on the Scope of Article 6.2 2624.3 Relationship between Article 6.2 and Other Parts of
Article 6 263
5 The Treatment of Information Presented Orally(Article 6.3) 264
6 The Right of Access to Information and the Right to PreparePresentations (Article 6.4) 2656.1 Introduction 265
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6.2 The Need for ‘Timely Opportunities’ 2666.3 The Definition of ‘Information’ 2676.4 The Information Must Be Relevant to Presenting the Interested
Parties’ Case 2686.5 The Information Is Not Confidential Information within the
Meaning of Article 6.5 2706.6 The Information Is Used by Authorities in the Anti-
Dumping Investigation 2716.7 The Right to Make Oral Presentations 272
7 The Protection of Confidentiality (Article 6.5) 2727.1 Introduction 2727.2 Definition of Confidential Information 273
7.2.1 Introduction 2737.2.2 Information That Is ‘by Nature’ Confidential 2737.2.3 Information That Is Provided on a
Confidential Basis 2747.2.4 The Requirement of Showing ‘Good Cause’ 2757.2.5 An Authority’s Assessment of ‘Good Cause’ and a Panel’s
Standard of Review 2787.3 A Panel’s Standard of Review 2797.4 The Requirement to Submit Non-Confidential
Summaries 2807.5 Circumstances in Which the Treatment of Confidential
Information Is Not Warranted (Article 6.5.2) 283
8 The Duty to Verify the Accuracy of Information(Article 6.6) 284
9 The Right to Carry Out on-the-Spot Investigations(Article 6.7 and Annex I) 2859.1 Introduction 2859.2 General Conditions under Article 6.7 2869.3 Detailed Procedural Framework under Annex I 2869.4 Making Available or Disclosure of the Results of On-the-
Spot Investigations 2889.5 Discretion in Deciding What Information to Accept
or Use 289
10 The Right to Make Determinations on the Basis of the FactsAvailable (Article 6.8 and Annex II) 29210.1 Article 6.8 29210.2 Annex II 294
10.2.1 Introduction 29410.2.2 Paragraph 1: The Need to Give Notice to the
Interested Party 29410.2.3 Paragraphs 2 and 4: Requests for the Use of a Particular
Medium or Computer Language 296
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10.2.4 Paragraphs 3 and 5: Information to Be Taken intoAccount by an Investigating Authority 297
10.2.5 Paragraph 6: The Consequences of Not AcceptingEvidence or Information 300
10.2.6 Paragraph 7: Use of Information from aSecondary Source 301
10.3 The Essential Features of What Constitutes BestInformation Available 302
11 The Disclosure of the Essential Facts (Article 6.9) 30311.1 Introduction 30311.2 Definition of ‘Essential Facts’ 30411.3 The Type of Disclosure 30711.4 The Relationship between Article 6.9 and Other Parts of
Article 6 309
12 The Determination of the Margin of Dumping(Article 6.10) 31112.1 Introduction 31112.2 The Determination of Individual Dumping Margins (First
Sentence of Article 6.10) 31212.3 Sampling (Second Sentence of Article 6.10) 314
13 The Rights of Industrial Users of the Relevant Products and ofRepresentativeConsumerOrganisations (Article 6.12) 317
14 Difficulties of Interested Parties in Supplying Information(Article 6.13) 317
15 Due Process and the Expediency of Anti-DumpingProceedings (Article 6.14) 318
VIII Article 7 – Provisional Measures 319
1 Introduction 320
2 The Distinction between Provisional andDefinitive Measures 320
3 The Relationship between Article 7 of the Anti-DumpingAgreement and Ad Article VI of the GATT 1994 321
4 The Conditions for the Application of Provisional Measures(Article 7.1) 3224.1 Introduction 3224.2 Initiation of Investigation, Public Notice and Opportunity to
Comment (Article 7.1(i)) 3234.3 Preliminary Affirmative Determination of Dumping and Injury
(Article 7.1(ii)) 3244.4 Necessity to Prevent Injury during the Investigation
(Article 7.1(iii)) 352
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5 The Form and Level of Provisional Measures(Article 7.2) 3265.1 Introduction 3265.2 Forms of Provisional Measures 3275.3 Amount of Provisional Measures 328
6 The Temporal Application of Provisional Measures (Articles7.3 and 7.4) 3286.1 Introduction 3286.2 Prohibition to Apply Provisional Measures Sooner than 60 Days
from the Date of Initiation of Investigation (Article 7.3) 3296.3 Duration of Application of Provisional Measures
(Article 7.4) 329
7 The Application of Relevant Provisions of Article 9(Article 7.5) 330
IX Article 8 – Price Undertakings 333
1 Introduction 334
2 Conditions for Accepting Undertakings (Article 8.1) 336
3 Undertakings May Not Be Sought or Accepted prior toPreliminary Affirmative Determinations (Article 8.2) 337
4 ‘Impractical’ Undertakings Need Not Be Accepted(Article 8.3) 338
5 Completion of an Anti-Dumping Investigation Despite theAcceptance of an Undertaking (Article 8.4) 339
6 Exporters Are Not Obliged to Offer an Undertaking(Article 8.5) 340
7 Compliance with Accepted Undertakings(Article 8.6) 341
X Article 9 – Imposition and Collection of Anti-DumpingDuties 343
1 The Discretion of WTO Members to Impose Anti-DumpingDuties (Article 9.1) 345
2 The Imposition and Collection of Anti-Dumping Duties(Article 9.2) 3472.1 The General Obligation Governing the Imposition and Collection
of Anti-Dumping Duties 3472.2 Country-wide Duty Rate for Exporters in NME Countries and
Article 9.2 348
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3 The Amount of the Anti-Dumping Duty (Article 9.3) 3513.1 Introduction 3513.2 The Requirements of the Chapeau 3523.3 Variable Anti-Dumping Duties Are Not Per Se Inconsistent with
Article 9.3 3533.4 The ‘Margin of Dumping’ in Article 9.3 Refers to the Individual
Exporter’s Margin of Dumping 3543.5 The Collection of Anti-Dumping Duties under Prospective and
Retrospective Assessment Systems and in Case of ConstructedExport Price (Articles 9.3.1, 9.3.2 and 9.3.3) 3553.5.1 Introduction 3553.5.2 Retrospective Systems (Article 9.3.1) 3563.5.3 Prospective Systems (Article 9.3.2) 3563.5.4 Zeroing in Administrative Reviews 3583.5.5 Refunds in Case of Constructed Export Price
(Article 9.3.3) 360
4 The Anti-Dumping Duty Applied in Case of Sampling(Article 9.4) 360
5 The Lacuna in Article 9.4: The Calculation of the ‘All Others’Rate Where All Margins Are Excluded fromthe Calculation 363
6 New Shippers or Newcomers (Article 9.5) 3646.1 Introduction 3646.2 The Residual Duty Rate 3656.3 New Shipper or Newcomer Reviews 366
XI Article 10 – Retroactivity 368
1 Introduction 369
2 Retroactive Application of Definitive Anti-Dumping Dutiesfor the Period during Which Provisional Duties Were Levied(Articles 10.2 to 10.5) 371
3 Retroactive Application of Definitive Anti-Dumping Dutiesprior to the Date of the Imposition of Provisional Measures(Articles 10.6 to 10.8) 3723.1 Introduction 3723.2 History of Dumping Which Caused Injury or Awareness 3743.3 Cause of Injury 3793.4 Due Process Rights of Importers 3803.5 Preserving the Possibility of Retroactively Imposing Definitive
Anti-Dumping Duties 3803.6 Period during Which Anti-Dumping Duties May Be
Levied Retroactively 383
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XII Article 11 – Duration and Review of Anti-Dumping Dutiesand Price Undertakings 384
1 Introduction 385
2 The Necessity Requirement in Review Procedures(Article 11.1) 386
3 Interim Reviews (Article 11.2) 3873.1 Introduction 3873.2 Initiation of an Interim Review 388
3.2.1 Interim Review Initiated at the Request of anInterested Party 388
3.2.2 Self-Initiated Interim Reviews 3903.3 The Scope of Interim Reviews 3913.4 Continued Imposition Necessary to Offset Dumping 391
3.4.1 Introduction 3913.4.2 Standard of Review of an Investigating Authority 3923.4.3 Methodology to Determine Dumping Margins 3923.4.4 Individual Dumping Margins in Interim Reviews 3943.4.5 De Minimis Threshold 396
3.5 Likelihood Determination – Injury 3973.5.1 Introduction 3973.5.2 Standard of Review of an Investigating Authority 3973.5.3 Methodology to Determine Injury 3983.5.4 Causation Analysis 3983.5.5 Time Frame and Cumulation 399
3.6 Relationship to Reviews under Article 9.3 399
4 Sunset Reviews (Article 11.3) 3994.1 Introduction 3994.2 Initiation of Sunset Reviews 4004.3 Likelihood Determination – Dumping 401
4.3.1 Introduction 4014.3.2 Standard of Review of an Investigating Authority 4014.3.3 Methodology to Determine Dumping 4034.3.4 Individual Dumping Margins in Sunset Reviews 4054.3.5 De Minimis Threshold 406
4.4 Likelihood Determination – Injury 4064.4.1 Standard of Review of an Investigating Authority 4064.4.2 Methodology to Determine Injury 4074.4.3 Causation Analysis 4104.4.4 Time Frame and Cumulation 411
5 Procedural Rules and Rights of Interested Parties(Article 11.4) 412
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XIII Article 12 – Public Notice and Explanationof Determinations 414
1 Introduction 416
2 Initiation of an Anti-Dumping Investigation Pursuant toArticle 5 (Article 12.1) 4182.1 Introduction 4182.2 Timing of the Notice 4192.3 The Distinct Obligations to Notify and to Give
Public Notice 4192.4 The Content of the Notice 421
3 Preliminary or Final Determination, Any Decision to Acceptan Undertaking Pursuant to Article 8, the Termination ofSuch an Undertaking and the Termination of a DefinitiveAnti-Dumping Duty (Article 12.2) 4223.1 Introduction 4223.2 The General Requirements under theChapeau of Article 12.2 423
3.2.1 Introduction 4233.2.2 The Need for ‘Sufficient’ Detail 4233.2.3 ‘Material’ Issues of Fact and Law 4243.2.4 Requirements Regarding the Public Notice of the
Imposition of Provisional Measures (Article 12.2.1) 4253.2.5 Requirements Regarding the Public Notice in Case of a Final
Determination of the Definitive Anti-Dumping Duty or theAcceptance of a Price Undertaking (Article 12.2.2) 4263.2.5.1 Objectives and Timing 4263.2.5.2 The Content of the Public Notice 428
3.2.6 Termination or Suspension of an Investigation(Article 12.2.3) 430
3.3 Initiation and Completion of Reviews Pursuant to Article 11and Decisions under Article 10 to Apply Duties Retroactively(Article 12.3) 430
3.4 The Protection of Confidential Information 431
XIV Article 13 – Judicial Review 432
1 Introduction 432
2 The Subject of the Prompt Judicial Review 435
3 Means of Judicial Review 436
4 The Need for ‘Prompt’ Judicial Review 436
5 The Need for Independent Tribunals and Procedures 437
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XV Article 14 – Anti-Dumping Action on Behalf of aThird Country 439
1 The Concept of ‘Third-Country Dumping’ 439
2 The Conditions of ‘Third-Country Dumping’ 440
XVI Article 15 – Developing Country Members 442
1 Introduction 442
2 Obligation to Give ‘Special Regard’ to the ‘Special Situation’of Developing Country Members (First Sentence ofArticle 15) 442
3 Obligation to Explore the Possibility of ConstructiveRemedies (Second Sentence of Article 15) 444
4 Developments Resulting from the Doha Round MinisterialDecision on Implementation-Related Issuesand Concerns 447
XVII Article 16 – Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices 449
1 Membership and Operation 450
2 Main Responsibilities of the Anti-DumpingCommittee 451
3 The Right of the Anti-Dumping Committee toSeek Information 453
XVIII Article 17 – Consultation and Dispute Settlement 454
1 Introduction 455
2 The Settlement of Disputes Relating to the Interpretation andApplication of the Anti-Dumping Agreement 4572.1 Introduction 4572.2 Legal Basis for Consultations Relating to the Anti-
Dumping Agreement 4572.3 Matters That May Be Referred to the DSB 458
2.3.1 Introduction 4582.3.2 Challenging Measures in the Context of Specific Anti-
Dumping Proceedings 4622.3.2.1 Final Action Levying Definitive Anti-Dumping
Duties or Accepting a Price Undertaking 4622.3.2.2 Additional Conditions in Case of a Challenge
against a Provisional Measure 4622.3.3 Challenges of Anti-Dumping Legislation as Such, outside
the Context of Specific Anti-Dumping Measures 463
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3 Special or Additional Conditions Applicable toPanel Requests and Panels’ Terms of Reference(Article 17.5) 465
4 Assessment of Questions of Facts and Law in Disputes underthe Anti-Dumping Agreement (Article 17.6) 4674.1 Introduction 4674.2 Assessment of Questions of Fact (Articles 17.5 and 17.6(i) of the
Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article 11 of the DSU) 4694.2.1 Introduction 4694.2.2 Article 17.6(i) Sets Forth the Appropriate Standard of
Review to Be Applied by Panels 4704.3 Interpretation of the Anti-Dumping Agreement
(Article 17.6(ii)) 474
5 Protection of Confidential Information in WTO PanelProceedings Regarding the Anti-Dumping Agreement(Article 17.7) 479
XIX Article 18 – Final Provisions 482
1 Introduction 483
2 Prohibition on Specific Action against Dumping Except forAction in Accordance with Article VI of the GATT 1994(Article 18.1) 483
3 The Temporal Scope of Application of the Anti-DumpingAgreement (Article 18.3) 490
4 The Obligation to Implement the Anti-Dumping Agreement(Article 18.4) 492
5 Notification of Anti-Dumping Laws and Regulations andTheir Administration (Article 18.5) 495
6 Annual Review of the Implementation and Operation of theAnti-Dumping Agreement (Article 18.6) 497
7 No Reservations and the Relationship of the Anti-DumpingAgreement with Other Agreements (Articles 18.2 and18.7) 498
Index 499
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FOREWORD
It is not easy to write about anti-dumping. To be absolutely frank, it is adull subject. This may partly explain why there are few practitionersacross the globe and even fewer scholars who care to write about it. Yet,nobody could deny that it is a remedy constantly used by WTOMembers. It is one of the most lively WTO agreements among privateactors who have been able to manage and master its disciplines.According to WTO data, from 1995 until June 2019, there had been5,833 anti-dumping investigations initiated by 107 WTO Members.
In the context of multilateral disciplines, anti-dumping has existedsince the beginning of the GATT. Through the years, its disciplines haveconstantly been evolving. Today, the Anti-Dumping Agreement is anessential pillar in the regulation of trade in goods. It is one of the fewWTO covered agreements of which the substantive provisions are notreplicated or further developed in other regional trade agreements(RTAs). Another indication of its value is that anti-dumping disputesrepresent 22 per cent of the total disputes brought under the WTOdispute settlement system. Thus, the interpretation of this agreement isof crucial importance for the WTO membership. No Member has thesole authorship or holds the only key to the interpretation of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. To the eyes of the WTO, the Anti-DumpingAgreement is an agreement that should be interpreted in accordancewith Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention. Nothing more,nothing less.
And here you are in front of an exceptional work. The first chapterprovides a background, presents the current status of the law, anddiscusses the relation with other WTO disciplines, with emphasis onother trade remedies, i.e. safeguards and subsidies. After that, the authorsembark on an expedition through each of the provisions of theAgreement. This journey is as much exhaustive as it is pleasant (for ananti-dumping geek, of course). But let’s be very clear. This is not merely acompilation or an index of past interpretations. The great value of this
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work is that it explains, as opposed to describes, each of the provisions ofthe agreement through the prism of WTO/GATT acquis.
Anti-dumping is a subject that is tough to grapple with withoutparticipating in an actual proceeding. It is difficult to contextualise anddiscern the true meaning of each of its provisions without having beendirectly involved in the ‘trenches’, i.e. filling in a questionnaire, perform-ing a dumping calculation, assisting a client in a verification visit orpreparing a hearing with an investigating authority. As it happens withother disciplines, anti-dumping theory and practice are not always per-fectly synchronised. In fact, the multiple references to the practice ofWTO Members contained in this commentary constitute a significantvalue added which should be recognised and reveal the familiarity of theauthors with the actual anti-dumping practice as well as their significantexpertise in WTO dispute settlement.
I hope that the readers realise that the jurisprudence acutely explainedin this work is not written in stone. It needs to be improved and, in someinstances, fixed. A balance needs to be struck between the right of theMembership to chastise this unfair trade practice with the temptation ofusing it as a sledgehammer of protectionism. This is certainly a work thatwill not only significantly contribute to this debate but will also become amandatory reference for scholars and practitioners in this field.
Ricardo Ramírez Hernández
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Writing this book has been very much a team effort and would not havebeen possible without the support of our colleagues at Van Bael & Bellis.The authors would like to thank in particular Joanna Redelbach, MarcusGustafsson, Tetyana Payosova, Victoria Ciudin, Sidonie Descheemaeker,Louise O’Callaghan, Elyse Kneller, Rebecca Halbach, Simón Hernández,Victor Crochet, Reagan Etale, David Wouters and Oscar Yang for theircontributions. The authors are especially grateful to Marianne Molloyand Kelly Buysse for their editorial assistance.
Finola O’Sullivan and Marianne Nield have been very supportive,patient and helpful in steering this book to its publication.
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ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Definition
1967 Anti-Dumping Code Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 24 April 1967,
TN.64/NTB/W/19
1979 Tokyo Round Anti-
Dumping Code
Agreement on Interpretation and Application of
Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade, 12 April 1979, LT/TR/A/1
ACP Group African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
Anti-Dumping Act of 1921 Anti-Dumping Act of 1921,19 U.S.C. §§ 160-173 (1976)
Anti-Dumping Agreement/
AD Agreement
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
Anti-Dumping Committee Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices
BCI Business confidential information
CBSA Canada Border Services Agency
CITT Canadian International Trade Tribunal
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
DSU Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the
Settlement of Disputes
EBR Enhanced Continuous Bond Requirement
EC European Communities
EU European Union
EU Basic Anti-Dumping
Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on protection
against dumped imports from countries not members
of the European Union (codification), OJ 2016 L 176,
p. 21 (as amended)
GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GATT 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947
GATT 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
IMF International Monetary Fund
ITO International Trade Organization
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ITO Charter Havana Charter for an International Trade
Organization, UN Doc E/CONF.2/78
Kennedy Anti-Dumping
Code
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, BISD 15S/24,
adopted on 30 June 1967
Marrakesh Agreement/
WTO Agreement
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade
Organization
MFN Most-favoured nation
MIP Minimum import price
MTN Multilateral trade negotiations
NME Non-market economy
NRCs Non-recurring costs
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development
Ramsauer Draft GATT Draft Working paper on Anti-Dumping,
26 November 1991 (unpublished)
SCM Agreement Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SG&A Selling, General and Administrative Costs
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
US United States
USDOC United States Department of Commerce
US ITC United States International Trade Commission
Vienna Convention Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, done at
Vienna, 23 May 1969, UN Treaty Series, Vol. 115, p. 331
WTO World Trade Organization
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CITED WTO PANEL AND APPELLATE BODY
REPORTS, INITIATED WTO DISPUTES AND
THEIR COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
Short title Full title and citation
Argentina – Ceramic
Tiles
Panel Report, Argentina – Definitive Anti-Dumping
Measures on Imports of Ceramic Floor Tiles from Italy,
WT/DS189/R, adopted 5 November 2001, DSR 2001:
XII, p. 6241
Argentina – Footwear
(EC)
Appellate Body Report, Argentina – Safeguard
Measures on Imports of Footwear, WT/DS121/AB/R,adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000: I, p. 515
Argentina – Poultry
Anti‑Dumping Duties
Panel Report, Argentina – Definitive Anti-Dumping
Duties on Poultry from Brazil, WT/DS241/R, adopted
19 May 2003, DSR 2003: V, p. 1727
Australia – Anti-
Dumping Measures on
A4 Copy Paper
Panel Report, Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on
A4 Copy Paper, WT/DS529/R and Add.1, adopted
28 January 2020
Brazil – Desiccated
Coconut
Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting
Desiccated Coconut, WT/DS22/AB/R, adopted
20 March 1997, DSR 1997: I, p. 167
Canada – Autos Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures
Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/AB/R,
WT/DS142/AB/R, adopted 19 June 2000, DSR 2000:
VI, p. 2985
Canada – Welded Pipe Panel Report, Canada – Anti-Dumping Measures on
Imports of Certain Carbon Steel Welded Pipe from the
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu,
Kinmen and Matsu, WT/DS482/R and Add.1, adopted
25 January 2017, DSR 2017: I, p. 7
China – Autos (US) Panel Report, China – Anti-Dumping and
Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from
the United States, WT/DS440/R and Add.1, adopted
18 June 2014, DSR 2014: VII, p. 2655
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(cont.)
Short title Full title and citation
China – Broiler Products Panel Report, China � Anti-Dumping and
Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products
from the United States, WT/DS427/R and Add.1,adopted 25 September 2013, DSR 2013: IV, p. 1041
China – Broiler Products
(Article 21.5 – US)
Panel Report, China � Anti-Dumping and
Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products
from the United States – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the
DSU by the United States, WT/DS427/RW and Add.1,
adopted 28 February 2018
China – Cellulose Pulp Panel Report, China – Anti-Dumping Measures on
Imports of Cellulose Pulp from Canada, WT/DS483/Rand Add.1, adopted 22 May 2017, DSR 2017: IV,
p. 1961
China – GOES Appellate Body Report, China – Countervailing and
Anti-Dumping Duties on Grain Oriented Flat-Rolled
Electrical Steel from the United States, WT/DS414/AB/
R, adopted 16 November 2012, DSR 2012: XII, p. 6251
China – GOES Panel Report, China – Countervailing and Anti-
Dumping Duties on Grain Oriented Flat-Rolled
Electrical Steel from the United States, WT/DS414/R
and Add.1, adopted 16 November 2012, upheld by
Appellate Body Report WT/DS414/AB/R, DSR 2012:
XII, p. 6369
China – GOES (Article
21.5 – US)
Panel Report, China – Countervailing and Anti-
Dumping Duties on Grain Oriented Flat-Rolled
Electrical Steel from the United States – Recourse to
Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States, WT/DS414/RW and Add.1, adopted 31 August 2015, DSR
2015:VII, p. 3865
China – HP-SSST
(Japan) / China –
HP-SSST (EU)
Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Imposing
Anti-Dumping Duties on High-Performance Stainless
Steel Seamless Tubes (‘HP-SSST’) from Japan / China –
Measures Imposing Anti-Dumping Duties on High-
Performance Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes (‘HP-SSST’)
from the European Union,WT/DS454/AB/R andAdd.1/ WT/DS460/AB/R and Add.1, adopted 28 October
2015, DSR 2015:IX, p. 4573
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Short title Full title and citation
China – HP-SSST
(Japan) / China –
HP-SSST (EU)
Panel Reports, China – Measures Imposing
Anti‑Dumping Duties on High-Performance Stainless
Steel Seamless Tubes (‘HP‑SSST’) from Japan / China –
Measures Imposing Anti-Dumping Duties on High-
Performance Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes (‘HP‑SSST’)
from the European Union, WT/DS454/R and Add.1 /
WT/DS460/R, Add.1 and Corr.1, adopted 28 October
2015, as modified by Appellate Body Reports WT/
DS454/AB/R / WT/DS460/AB/R, DSR 2015:IX,
p. 4789
China – Rare Earths Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Related to
the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten, and
Molybdenum, WT/DS431/AB/R / WT/DS432/AB/R /
WT/DS433/AB/R, adopted 29 August 2014, DSR
2014: III, p. 805
China – Rare Earths Panel Reports, China – Measures Related to the
Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten, and
Molybdenum, WT/DS431/R and Add.1 / WT/DS432/
R and Add.1 / WT/DS433/R and Add.1, adopted29 August 2014, upheld by Appellate Body Reports
WT/DS431/AB/R / WT/DS432/AB/R / WT/DS433/
AB/R, DSR 2014:IV, p. 1127
China – Raw Materials Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Related to
the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394/
AB/R / WT/DS395/AB/R / WT/DS398/AB/R, adopted
22 February 2012, DSR 2012: VII, p. 3295
China – Raw Materials Panel Reports, China – Measures Related to the
Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R,
Add.1 and Corr.1 / WT/DS395/R, Add.1 and Corr.1 /
WT/DS398/R, Add.1 and Corr.1, adopted 22 February
2012, as modified by Appellate Body Reports WT/
DS394/AB/R / WT/DS395/AB/R / WT/DS398/AB/R,
DSR 2012:VII, p. 3501
China – X-Ray
Equipment
Panel Report, China – Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties
on X-Ray Security Inspection Equipment from the
European Union, WT/DS425/R and Add.1, adopted
24 April 2013, DSR 2013: III, p. 659
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Short title Full title and citation
Dominican Republic –
Import and Sale of
Cigarettes
Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic –
Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale
of Cigarettes, WT/DS302/AB/R, adopted 19 May 2005,DSR 2005: XV, p. 7367
Dominican Republic –
Import and Sale of
Cigarettes
Panel Report, Dominican Republic – Measures
Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of
Cigarettes, WT/DS302/R, adopted 19 May 2005, as
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS302/AB/R,
DSR 2005: XV, p. 7425
EC – Bananas III
(Ecuador)
Panel Report, European Communities – Regime for the
Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas,
Complaint by Ecuador, WT/DS27/R/ECU, adopted
25 September 1997, as modified by Appellate Body
Report WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997: III, p. 1085
EC – Bed Linen Appellate Body Report, European Communities –
Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-Type Bed
Linen from India, WT/DS141/AB/R, adopted
12 March 2001, DSR 2001: V, p. 2049
EC – Bed Linen Panel Report, European Communities – Anti-Dumping
Duties on Imports of Cotton-Type Bed Linen from
India, WT/DS141/R, adopted 12 March 2001, as
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS141/AB/R,
DSR 2001:VI, p. 2077
EC – Bed Linen (Article
21.5 – India)
Appellate Body Report, European Communities –
Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-Type Bed
Linen from India – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU
by India, WT/DS141/AB/RW, adopted 24 April 2003,DSR 2003: III, p. 965
EC – Bed Linen (Article
21.5 – India)
Panel Report, European Communities – Anti-Dumping
Duties on Imports of Cotton-Type Bed Linen from
India – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by India,
WT/DS141/RW, adopted 24 April 2003, as modified
by Appellate Body Report WT/DS141/AB/RW, DSR
2003:IV, p. 1269
EC – Fasteners (China) Appellate Body Report, European Communities –
Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or
Steel Fasteners from China, WT/DS397/AB/R, adopted
28 July 2011, DSR 2011: VII, p. 3995
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(cont.)
Short title Full title and citation
EC – Fasteners (China) Panel Report, European Communities – Definitive
Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel
Fasteners from China, WT/DS397/R and Corr.1,adopted 28 July 2011, as modified by Appellate
Body Report WT/DS397/AB/R, DSR 2011: VIII,
p. 4289
EC – Fasteners (China)
(Article 21.5 – China)
Appellate Body Report, European Communities –
Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron
or Steel Fasteners from China – Recourse to Article 21.5
of the DSU by China, WT/DS397/AB/RW and Add.1,
adopted 12 February 2016, DSR 2016:I, p. 7EC – Fasteners (China)
(Article 21.5 – China)
Panel Report, European Communities – Definitive
Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel
Fasteners from China – Recourse to Article 21.5 of
the DSU by China, WT/DS397/RW and Add.1,
adopted 12 February 2016, as modified by
Appellate Body Report WT/DS397/AB/RW,
DSR 2016:I, p. 195
EC – Footwear (China) Panel Report, European Union – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Certain Footwear from China, WT/
DS405/R, adopted 22 February 2012, DSR 2012: IX,
p. 4585
EC – Salmon (Norway) Panel Report, European Communities – Anti-Dumping
Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/
DS337/R, adopted 15 January 2008, and Corr.1, DSR
2008: I, p. 3
EC – Selected Customs
Matters
Appellate Body Report, European Communities –
Selected Customs Matters, WT/DS315/AB/R, adopted
11 December 2006, DSR 2006: IX, p. 3791
EC – Selected Customs
Matters
Panel Report, European Communities – Selected
Customs Matters, WT/DS315/R, adopted
11 December 2006, as modified by Appellate Body
Report WT/DS315/AB/R, DSR 2006: IX, p. 3915
EC – Tube or Pipe
Fittings
Appellate Body Report, European Communities –
Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or
Pipe Fittings from Brazil, WT/DS219/AB/R, adopted
18 August 2003, DSR 2003:VI, p. 2613
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Short title Full title and citation
EC – Tube or Pipe
Fittings
Panel Report, European Communities – Anti-Dumping
Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings
from Brazil, WT/DS219/R, adopted 18 August 2003, asmodified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS219/AB/R,
DSR 2003: VII, p. 2701
Egypt – Steel Rebar Panel Report, Egypt – Definitive Anti-Dumping
Measures on Steel Rebar from Turkey, WT/DS211/R,
adopted 1 October 2002, DSR 2002: VII, p. 2667
EU – Biodiesel Appellate Body Report, European Union – Anti-
Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Argentina, WT/
DS473/AB/R and Add.1, adopted 26 October 2016,DSR 2016:VI, p. 2871
EU – Cost Adjustment
Methodologies II (Russia)
Panel Report, European Union – Cost Adjustment
Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures
on Imports from Russia – (Second complaint), WT/
DS494/R and Add.1, circulated to WTO Members
24 July 2020 [under appeal],
EU – Biodiesel Panel Report, European Union – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Biodiesel from Argentina, WT/DS473/Rand Add.1, adopted 26 October 2016, as modified by
Appellate Body Report WT/DS473/AB/R, DSR 2016:
VI, p. 3077
EU – Fatty Alcohols
(Indonesia)
Appellate Body Report, European Union – Anti-
Dumping Measures on Imports of Certain Fatty
Alcohols from Indonesia, WT/DS442/AB/R and Add.1,
adopted 29 September 2017, DSR 2017:VI, p. 2613
EU – Fatty Alcohols
(Indonesia)
Panel Report, European Union – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Imports of Certain Fatty Alcohols from
Indonesia, WT/DS442/R and Add.1, adopted
29 September 2017, as modified by Appellate Body
Report WT/DS442/AB/R, DSR 2017:VI, p. 2765
EU – Footwear (China) Panel Report,EuropeanUnion–Anti-DumpingMeasures
on Certain Footwear from China, WT/DS405/R, adopted
22 February 2012, DSR 2012: IX, p. 4585
EU – Price Comparison
Methodologies
European Union – Measures Related to Price
Comparison Methodologies, WT/DS516 (authority of
the Panel lapsed)
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Short title Full title and citation
Guatemala – Cement I Appellate Body Report, Guatemala – Anti-Dumping
Investigation Regarding Portland Cement from Mexico,
WT/DS60/AB/R, adopted 25 November 1998, DSR1998: IX, p. 3767
Guatemala – Cement I Panel Report, Guatemala – Anti-Dumping
Investigation Regarding Portland Cement from Mexico,
WT/DS60/R, adopted 25 November 1998, as reversed
by Appellate Body Report WT/DS60/AB/R, DSR 1998:
IX, p. 3797
India – Iron and Steel
Products
Panel Report, India – Certain Measures on Imports of
Iron and Steel Products, WT/DS518/R and Add.1,circulated to WTOMembers 6 November 2018 [under
appeal]
India – Patents (EC) Panel Report, India – Patent Protection for
Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products,
Complaint by the European Communities and their
member States, WT/DS79/R, adopted 22 September
1998, DSR 1998:VI, p. 2661
India – Patents (US) Appellate Body Report, India – Patent Protection for
Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products,
WT/DS50/AB/R, adopted 16 January 1998, DSR 1998:
I, p. 9
Japan – Alcoholic
Beverages II
Appellate Body Report, Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic
Beverages, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/
DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996: I,
p. 97
Korea – Certain Paper Panel Report, Korea – Anti-Dumping Duties on
Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia, WT/DS312/
R, adopted 28 November 2005, DSR 2005: XXII,
p. 10637
Korea – Certain Paper
(Article 21.5 – Indonesia)
Panel Report, Korea – Anti-Dumping Duties on
Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia – Recourse to
Article 21.5 of the DSU by Indonesia, WT/DS312/RW,
adopted 22 October 2007, DSR 2007: VIII, p. 3369
Korea – Commercial
Vessels
Panel Report, Korea – Measures Affecting Trade in
Commercial Vessels, WT/DS273/R, adopted 11 April
2005, DSR 2005: VII, p. 2749
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Short title Full title and citation
Korea – Dairy Appellate Body Report, Korea – Definitive Safeguard
Measure on Imports of Certain Dairy Products, WT/
DS98/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000: I,p. 3
Korea – Pneumatic
Valves (Japan)
Appellate Body Report, Korea – Anti-Dumping Duties
on Pneumatic Valves from Japan, WT/DS504/AB/R
and Add.1, adopted 30 September 2019
Mexico – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Rice
Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Definitive Anti-
Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice, Complaint with
Respect to Rice, WT/DS295/AB/R, adopted
20 December 2005, DSR 2005: XXII, p. 10853Mexico – Corn Syrup Panel Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Investigation of
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United
States, WT/DS132/R, adopted 24 February 2000, and
Corr.1, DSR 2000: III, p. 1345
Mexico – Corn Syrup
(Article 21.5 – US)
Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping
Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
from the United States – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the
DSU by the United States, WT/DS132/AB/RW,adopted 21 November 2001, DSR 2001: XIII, p. 6675
Mexico – Corn Syrup
(Article 21.5 – US)
Panel Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Investigation of
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United
States – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the
United States, WT/DS132/RW, adopted 21 November
2001, upheld by Appellate Body Report WT/DS132/
AB/RW, DSR 2001:XIII, p. 6717
Mexico – Steel Pipes and
Tubes
Panel Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Duties on Steel
Pipes and Tubes from Guatemala, WT/DS331/R,
adopted 24 July 2007, DSR 2007: IV, p. 1207
Morocco – Hot-Rolled
Steel (Turkey)
Appellate Body Report,Morocco – Anti-dumping
Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel from Turkey, WT/
DS513/AB/R and Add.1, adopted 8 January 2020
Morocco – Hot-Rolled
Steel (Turkey)
Panel Report, Morocco – Anti-dumping Measures on
Certain Hot-Rolled Steel from Turkey, WT/DS513/R
and Add.1, adopted 8 January 2020; appeal withdrawnby Morocco as reflected in Appellate Body Report
WT/DS513/AB/R
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(cont.)
Short title Full title and citation
Russia – Commercial
Vehicles
Appellate Body Report, Russia – Anti-Dumping Duties
on Light Commercial Vehicles from Germany and
Italy, WT/DS479/AB/R and Add.1, adopted 9 April2018
Russia – Commercial
Vehicles
Panel Report, Russia – Anti-Dumping Duties on Light
Commercial Vehicles from Germany and Italy, WT/
DS479/R and Add.1, adopted 9 April 2018, as
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS479/
AB/R
Thailand – Cigarettes
(Philippines)
Appellate Body Report, Thailand – Customs and Fiscal
Measures on Cigarettes from the Philippines, WT/DS371/AB/R, adopted 15 July 2011, DSR 2011: IV,
p. 2203
Thailand – Cigarettes
(Philippines)
Panel Report, Thailand – Customs and Fiscal Measures
on Cigarettes from the Philippines, WT/DS371/R,
adopted 15 July 2011, as modified by Appellate
Body Report WT/DS371/AB/R, DSR 2011: IV,
p. 2299
Thailand – H-Beams Appellate Body Report, Thailand – Anti-Dumping
Duties on Angles, Shapes and Sections of Iron or
Non-Alloy Steel and H-Beams from Poland, WT/
DS122/AB/R, adopted 5 April 2001, DSR 2001: VII,
p. 2701
Thailand – H-Beams Panel Report, Thailand – Anti-Dumping Duties on
Angles, Shapes and Sections of Iron or Non-Alloy Steel
and H-Beams from Poland, WT/DS122/R, adopted
5 April 2001, as modified by Appellate Body ReportWT/DS122/AB/R, DSR 2001:VII, p. 2741
Ukraine – Ammonium
Nitrate (Russia)
Appellate Body Report, Ukraine – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Ammonium Nitrate, WT/DS493/AB/R
and Add.1, adopted 30 September 2019
Ukraine – Ammonium
Nitrate (Russia)
Panel Report, Ukraine – Anti-Dumping Measures on
Ammonium Nitrate, WT/DS493/R, Add.1 and Corr.1,
adopted 30 September 2019, as upheld by Appellate
Body Report WT/DS493/AB/RUS – 1916 Act Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping
Act of 1916, WT/DS136/AB/R, WT/DS162/AB/R,
adopted 26 September 2000, DSR 2000:X, p. 4793
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Short title Full title and citation
US – 1916 Act (EC) Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Act of
1916, Complaint by the European Communities, WT/
DS136/R and Corr.1, adopted 26 September 2000,upheld by Appellate Body Report WT/DS136/AB/R,
WT/DS162/AB/R, DSR 2000:X, p. 4593
US – 1916 Act (Japan) Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Act of
1916, Complaint by Japan, WT/DS162/R and Add.1,
adopted 26 September 2000, upheld by Appellate Body
Report WT/DS136/AB/R, WT/DS162/AB/R, DSR
2000:X, p. 4831
US – Anti-Dumping and
Countervailing Duties
(China)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive
Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain
Products from China, WT/DS379/AB/R, adopted
25 March 2011, DSR 2011: V, p. 2869
US – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Oil Country
Tubular Goods
Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) from
Mexico, WT/DS282/AB/R, adopted 28 November
2005, DSR 2005: XX, p. 10127
US – Anti-Dumping
Methodologies (China)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Certain
Methodologies and Their Application to Anti-Dumping
Proceedings Involving China, WT/DS471/AB/R
and Add.1, adopted 22 May 2017, DSR 2017: III,
p. 1423
US – Anti-Dumping
Methodologies (China)
Panel Report, United States – Certain Methodologies
and Their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings
Involving China, WT/DS471/R and Add.1, adopted
22 May 2017, as modified by Appellate Body ReportWT/DS471/AB/R, DSR 2017: IV, p. 1589
US – Carbon Steel Appellate Body Report, United States – Countervailing
Duties on Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel
Flat Products from Germany, WT/DS213/AB/R and
Corr.1, adopted 19 December 2002, DSR 2002: IX,
p. 3779
US – Carbon Steel (India) Appellate Body Report, United States – Countervailing
Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat
Products from India, WT/DS436/AB/R, adopted
19 December 2014, DSR 2014: V, p. 1727
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Short title Full title and citation
US – Carbon Steel (India) Panel Report, United States – Countervailing Measures
on Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from
India, WT/DS436/R and Add.1, adopted 19 December2014, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/
DS436/AB/R, DSR 2014:VI, p. 2189
US – Clove Cigarettes Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures
Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes,
WT/DS406/AB/R, adopted 24 April 2012, DSR 2012:
XI, p. 5751
US – Coated Paper
(Indonesia)
Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping and
Countervailing Measures on Certain Coated Paper
from Indonesia, WT/DS491/R and Add.1, adopted
22 January 2018
US – Continued Zeroing Appellate Body Report, United States – Continued
Existence and Application of Zeroing Methodology,
WT/DS350/AB/R, adopted 19 February 2009, DSR
2009: III, p. 1291
US – Continued Zeroing Panel Report, United States – Continued Existence and
Application of Zeroing Methodology, WT/DS350/R,adopted 19 February 2009, as modified as Appellate
Body Report WT/DS350/AB/R, DSR 2009: III, p. 1481
US – COOL Panel Reports, United States – Certain Country of
Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/R
/ WT/DS386/R, adopted 23 July 2012, as modified by
Appellate Body Reports WT/DS384/AB/R / WT/
DS386/AB/R, DSR 2012:VI, p. 2745
US – Corrosion-Resistant
Steel Sunset Review
Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset Review
of Anti-Dumping Duties on Corrosion-Resistant
Carbon Steel Flat Products from Japan, WT/DS244/
AB/R, adopted 9 January 2004, DSR 2004: I, p. 3
US – Corrosion-Resistant
Steel Sunset Review
Panel Report, United States – Sunset Review of Anti-
Dumping Duties on Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel
Flat Products from Japan, WT/DS244/R, adopted
9 January 2004, as modified by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS244/AB/R, DSR 2004: I, p. 85US – Cotton Yarn Appellate Body Report, United States – Transitional
Safeguard Measure on Combed Cotton Yarn from
Pakistan, WT/DS192/AB/R, adopted 5 November
2001, DSR 2001: XII, p. 6027
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Short title Full title and citation
US – Customs Bond
Directive
Panel Report, United States – Customs Bond Directive
for Merchandise Subject to Anti-Dumping/
Countervailing Duties, WT/DS345/R, adopted1 August 2008, as modified by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS343/AB/R / WT/DS345/AB/R, DSR 2008:VIII,
p. 2925
US – Differential Pricing
Methodology
Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures
Applying Differential Pricing Methodology to Softwood
Lumber from Canada, WT/DS534/R and Add.1,
circulated to WTO Members on 9 April 2019,
appealed by Canada on 4 June 2019US – DRAMS Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Duty on
Dynamic Random-Access Memory Semiconductors
(DRAMS) of One Megabit or Above from Korea,
WT/DS99/R, adopted 19 March 1999, DSR 1999: II,
p. 521
US – FSC Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment
for ‘Foreign Sales Corporations’, WT/DS108/AB/R,
adopted 20 March 2000, DSR 2000: III, p. 1619US – FSC Panel Report, United States – Tax Treatment for
‘Foreign Sales Corporations’, WT/DS108/R, adopted
20 March 2000, as modified by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS108/AB/R, DSR 2000: IV, p. 1675
US – Hot-Rolled Steel Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from
Japan, WT/DS184/AB/R, adopted 23 August 2001,
DSR 2001:X, p. 4697US – Hot-Rolled Steel Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures
on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/
DS184/R, adopted 23 August 2001 modified by
Appellate Body Report WT/DS184/AB/R, DSR 2001:
X, p. 4769
US – Hot-Rolled Steel
(Article 21.3(c))
Award of the Arbitrator, United States – Anti-
Dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel
Products from Japan – Arbitration under Article 21.3
(c) of the DSU, WT/DS184/13, 19 February 2002, DSR
2002: IV, p. 1389
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(cont.)
Short title Full title and citation
US – Lamb Appellate Body Report, United States – Safeguard
Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb
Meat from New Zealand and Australia, WT/DS177/AB/R, WT/DS178/AB/R, adopted 16 May 2001, DSR
2001: IX, p. 4051
US – Lead and
Bismuth II
Appellate Body Report, United States – Imposition of
Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and
Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the
United Kingdom, WT/DS138/AB/R, adopted 7 June
2000, DSR 2000: V, p. 2595
US – Line Pipe Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive
Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded
Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, WT/DS202/
AB/R, adopted 8 March 2002, DSR 2002: IV,
p. 1403
US – OCTG (Korea) Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods
from Korea, WT/DS488/R and Add.1, adopted
12 January 2018US – Offset Act (Byrd
Amendment)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Continued
Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000, WT/DS217/
AB/R, WT/DS234/AB/R, adopted 27 January 2003,
DSR 2003: I, p. 375
US – Offset Act (Byrd
Amendment)
Panel Report, United States – Continued Dumping and
Subsidy Offset Act of 2000, WT/DS217/R, WT/DS234/
R, adopted 27 January 2003, as modified by Appellate
Body Report WT/DS217/AB/R, WT/DS234/AB/R,DSR 2003:II, p. 489
US – Oil Country
Tubular Goods Sunset
Reviews
Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset
Reviews of Anti-Dumping Measures on Oil
Country Tubular Goods from Argentina, WT/DS268/
AB/R, adopted 17 December 2004, DSR 2004: VII,
p. 3257
US – Oil Country
Tubular Goods Sunset
Reviews (Article 21.5 –
Argentina)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset Reviews
of Anti-Dumping Measures on Oil Country Tubular
Goods from Argentina – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the
DSU by Argentina, WT/DS268/AB/RW, adopted
11 May 2007, DSR 2007: IX, p. 3523
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Short title Full title and citation
US – Oil Country
Tubular Goods Sunset
Reviews (Article 21.5 –
Argentina)
Panel Report, United States – Sunset Reviews of Anti-
Dumping Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods
from Argentina – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU
by Argentina, WT/DS268/RW, adopted 11 May 2007,
as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS268/AB/
RW, DSR 2007:IX, p. 3609
US – Orange Juice
(Brazil)
Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping
Administrative Reviews and Other Measures Related to
Imports of Certain Orange Juice from Brazil, WT/
DS382/R, adopted 17 June 2011, DSR 2011: VII,
p. 3753US – Shrimp (Thailand) /
US – Customs Bond
Directive
Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures
Relating to Shrimp from Thailand / United States –
Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to
Anti-Dumping/Countervailing Duties, WT/DS343/AB/
R / WT/DS345/AB/R, adopted 1 August 2008, DSR
2008:VII, p. 2385 / DSR 2008:VIII, p. 2773
US – Shrimp (Thailand) Panel Report, United States – Measures Relating to
Shrimp from Thailand, WT/DS343/R, adopted1 August 2008, as modified by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS343/AB/R / WT/DS345/AB/R, DSR 2008: VII,
p. 2539
US – Shrimp (Viet Nam) Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures
on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam, WT/DS404/R,
adopted 2 September 2011, DSR 2011:X, p. 5301
US – Shrimp II (Viet
Nam)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping
Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam, WT/DS429/AB/R, and Corr.1, adopted 22 April 2015, DSR
2015: III, p. 1271
US – Shrimp II (Viet
Nam)
Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures
on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam, WT/DS429/R and
Add.1, adopted 22 April 2015, upheld by Appellate
Body Report WT/DS429/AB/R, DSR 2015: III, p. 1341
US – Softwood
Lumber III
Panel Report, United States – Preliminary
Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood
Lumber from Canada, WT/DS236/R, adopted
1 November 2002, DSR 2002: IX, p. 3597
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Short title Full title and citation
US – Softwood
Lumber IV
Appellate Body Report, United States – Final
Countervailing Duty Determination with Respect to
Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS257/AB/R, adopted 17 February 2004, DSR 2004: II, p. 571
US – Softwood Lumber V Appellate Body Report, United States – Final Dumping
Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada,
WT/DS264/AB/R, adopted 31 August 2004, DSR
2004:V, p. 1875
US – Softwood Lumber V Panel Report, United States – Final Dumping
Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada,
WT/DS264/R, adopted 31 August 2004, as modifiedby Appellate Body Report WT/DS264/AB/R, DSR
2004: V, p. 1937
US – Softwood Lumber
V (Article 21.5 – Canada)
Panel Report, United States – Final Dumping
Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada –
Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Canada, WT/
DS264/RW, adopted 1 September 2006, as reversed by
Appellate Body Report WT/DS264/AB/RW, DSR
2006:XII, p. 5147US – Softwood
Lumber VI
Panel Report, United States – Investigation of the
International Trade Commission in Softwood Lumber
from Canada, WT/DS277/R, adopted 26 April 2004,
DSR 2004:VI, p. 2485
US – Softwood Lumber
VI (Article 21.5 –
Canada)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Investigation of
the International Trade Commission in Softwood
Lumber from Canada – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the
DSU by Canada, WT/DS277/AB/RW, adopted 9 May2006, and Corr.1, DSR 2006: XI, p. 4865
US – Softwood Lumber
VI (Article 21.5 –
Canada)
Panel Report, United States – Investigation of the
International Trade Commission in Softwood Lumber
from Canada – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by
Canada, WT/DS277/RW, adopted 9 May 2006, as
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS277/AB/
RW, DSR 2006:XI, p. 4935
US – Stainless Steel
(Mexico)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Final Anti-
Dumping Measures on Stainless Steel from Mexico,
WT/DS344/AB/R, adopted 20 May 2008, DSR 2008:
II, p. 513
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Short title Full title and citation
US – Steel Plate Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping and
Countervailing Measures on Steel Plate from India,
WT/DS206/R and Corr.1, adopted 29 July 2002, DSR2002:VI, p. 2073
US – Upland Cotton
(Article 21.5 – Brazil)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Subsidies on
Upland Cotton – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by
Brazil, WT/DS267/AB/RW, adopted 20 June 2008,
DSR 2008: III, p. 809
US – Washing Machines Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping
and Countervailing Measures on Large Residential
Washers from Korea, WT/DS464/AB/R and Add.1,adopted 26 September 2016, DSR 2016:V, p. 2275
US – Washing Machines Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping and
Countervailing Measures on Large Residential
Washers from Korea, WT/DS464/R and Add.1,
adopted 26 September 2016, as modified by
Appellate Body Report WT/DS464/AB/R, DSR 2016:
V, p. 2505
US – Wheat Gluten Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive
Safeguard Measures on Imports of Wheat Gluten from
the European Communities, WT/DS166/AB/R,
adopted 19 January 2001, DSR 2001: II, p. 717
US – Zeroing (EC) Appellate Body Report, United States – Laws,
Regulations and Methodology for Calculating Dumping
Margins (‘Zeroing’), WT/DS294/AB/R, adopted 9 May
2006, and Corr.1, DSR 2006: II, p. 417
US – Zeroing (EC) Panel Report, United States – Laws, Regulations and
Methodology for Calculating Dumping Margins
(‘Zeroing’), WT/DS294/R, adopted 9 May 2006, as
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS294/AB/R,
DSR 2006: II, p. 521
US – Zeroing (EC)
(Article 21.5 – EC)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Laws,
Regulations and Methodology for Calculating Dumping
Margins (‘Zeroing’) – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the
DSU by the European Communities, WT/DS294/AB/RW and Corr.1, adopted 11 June 2009, DSR 2009:VII,
p. 2911
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Short title Full title and citation
US – Zeroing (EC)
(Article 21.5 – EC)
Panel Report, United States – Laws, Regulations and
Methodology for Calculating Dumping Margins
(‘Zeroing’) – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the
European Communities, WT/DS294/RW, adopted
11 June 2009, as modified by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS294/AB/RW, DSR 2009:VII, p. 3117
US – Zeroing (Japan) Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures
Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews, WT/DS322/
AB/R, adopted 23 January 2007, DSR 2007: I, p. 3
US – Zeroing (Japan)
(Article 21.5 – Japan)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures
Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews – Recourse to
Article 21.5 of the DSU by Japan, WT/DS322/AB/RW,
adopted 31 August 2009, DSR 2009: VIII, p. 3441
US – Zeroing (Japan)
(Article 21.5 – Japan)
Panel Report, United States – Measures Relating to
Zeroing and Sunset Reviews – Recourse to Article 21.5
of the DSU by Japan, WT/DS322/RW, adopted
31 August 2009, upheld by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS322/AB/RW, DSR 2009: VIII, p. 3553
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CITED GATT PANEL REPORTS AND THEIR
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
Short title Full case title and citation
EC – Audio Cassettes GATT Panel Report, EC – Anti-Dumping Duties on
Audio Tapes in Cassettes Originating in Japan, ADP/
136, 28 April 1995, unadopted
EEC – Cotton Yarn GATT Panel Report, European Economic
Community – Imposition of Anti-Dumping Duties on
Imports of Cotton Yarn from Brazil, ADP/137, adopted30 October 1995, BISD 42S/17
EEC – Parts and
Components
GATT Panel Report, European Economic
Community – Regulation on Imports of Parts and
Components, L/6657, adopted 16 May 1990, BISD
37S/132
New Zealand – Finnish
Transformers
GATT Panel Report, New Zealand – Imports of
Electrical Transformers from Finland, L/5814, adopted
18 July 1985, BISD 32S/55US – Norwegian
Salmon AD
GATT Panel Report, Imposition of Anti-Dumping
Duties on Imports of Fresh and Chilled Atlantic Salmon
from Norway, ADP/87, adopted 27 April 1994,
BISD 41S/229
US – Softwood Lumber
II
GATT Panel Report, United States – Measures
Affecting Imports of Softwood Lumber from Canada,
SCM/162, adopted 27 October 1993, BISD 40S/358
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