Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview

Outline

1 The Universe in Polarized Light2 Overview of Lectures3 Recommended Books

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 1

Polarized Light in the UniversePolarization indicates anisotropy⇒ not all directions are equal

Typical anisotropies introduced bygeometry (not everything is spherically symmetric)gradients (temperature, density, etc.)magnetic fieldselectrical fields

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 2

Polarized Light from the Big Bang

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is red-shifted radiationfrom Big Bang 14× 109 years agoage, geometry, density of universe from CMB intensity patternfirst 0.1 seconds from polarization pattern of CMBinflation⇒ gravitational waves⇒ polarization signalspolarization expected at (or below) 10−6 of intensity

13.7 billion year old temperature fluctuations from WMAP

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 3

Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 4

R Coronae Borealis

HST WFPC2 at 555 nm ExPo at 4.2-m WHT

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 5

Protoplanetary Disk in Scattered Light (ExPo at 4.2-m WHT)

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Planetary Scattered Light (ExPo at 4.2-m WHT)

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 7

Solar Longitudinal Zeeman Effect (SOLIS VSM)

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 8

Second Solar Spectrum from Scattering Polarization

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 9

α Cen A with HARPSpol at ESO’s3.6-m Sun with 50-cm SOLIS VSM

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 10

Zeeman Doppler Imaging of TTauri Stars

Other astrophysical applicationsinterstellar magnetic field from polarized starlightsupernova asymmetriesgalactic magnetic field from Faraday rotation

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 11

Lectures by Christoph U. Keller

1 Introduction and Overview2 Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 13 Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 24 Thin Films5 Crystal Optics6 Anisotropic Media7 Linear Polarizers8 Fixed Retarders9 Variable Retarders

10 Polarimetry Systems Engineering 111 Polarimetry Systems Engineering 212 Rotating Retarder Polarimeters13 Liquid Crystal Polarimeters14 Advanced Polarimeters

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 12

Lecture 2: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 1

Outline

1 Electromagnetic Waves2 Electromagnetic Waves Across Interfaces3 Snell’s law

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Lecture 3: Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic Media 2

Outline

1 Fresnel Equations2 Brewster Angle3 Total Internal Reflection

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 14

Lecture 4: Thin Films

Outline

1 Thin Films2 Calculating Thin Film Stack Properties3 Jones Matrices for Thin Film Stacks4 Mueller Matrices for Thin Film Stacks5 Mueller Matrix for Dielectrica6 Mueller Matrix for Metals7 Applications to Solar Polarimetry

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 15

Lecture 5: Crystal Optics

Outline

1 Homogeneous, Anisotropic Media2 Crystals3 Plane Waves in Anisotropic Media4 Wave Propagation in Uniaxial Media5 Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 16

Lecture 6: Anisotropic Media

Outline

1 Dichroism2 Stress Birefringence3 Form Birefringence4 Electro-Optics

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 17

Lecture 7: Linear Polarizers

Outline

1 Jones and Mueller Matrices for Linear Polarizers2 Wire Grid Polarizers3 Polaroid-type Polarizers4 Crystal-based Polarizers5 Thin-Film Polarizers6 Polarizer Selection Guide

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 18

Lecture 8: Fixed Retarders

Outline

1 Jones and Mueller Matrices for Linear Retarders2 Zero and Multiple Order Linear Retarders3 Crystal Retarders4 Polymer Retarders5 Achromatic Retarders6 Angle-Dependence of Linear Retarders7 Temperature Dependence of Fixed Retarders8 Spectral Fringes in Retarders9 Linear Retarder Selection Guide

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 19

Lecture 9: Variable Retarders

Outline

1 Liquid Crystal Retarders2 Piezo-Elastic Modulators (PEMs)3 Achromatic Variable Retarders4 Comparison of Variable Retarders

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 20

Lecture 10: Polarimetry Systems Engineering 1

Outline

1 Systems Engineering for Polarimetry2 Errors in Polarimetric Measurements3 Polarization Sensitivity and Accuracy4 Polarimetric Efficiency5 Photon Budget6 Systematic Errors7 Polarimeter Design

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 21

Lecture 11: Polarimetry Systems Engineering 2

Outline

1 General Polarimeter2 Temporal and Spatial Modulation3 Double-Ratio Technique4 Calibration5 Polarized Ray Tracing

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 22

Lecture 12: Rotating Retarder Polarimeters

Outline

1 Rotating Waveplate Polarimeters2 ASP3 Hinode SOT4 HARPSpol

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 23

Lecture 13: Liquid Crystal Polarimeters

Outline

1 Liquid Crystal Polarimeters2 SOLIS VSM3 S5T

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 24

Lecture 14: Advanced Polarimeters

Outline

1 ZIMPOL2 C3Po3 SPEX

Christoph U. Keller, C.U.Keller@astro-uu.nl Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview 25

Recommended Books

Stellar PolarimetryDavid Clarke

Astronomical PolarimetryJaap Tinbergen

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