Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
7 The Skeleton: Part C
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the limbs and their girdles• Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the
body trunk
• Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
• Clavicles and the scapulae• Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• Provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs
PLAY A&P Flix™: Bones of the pectoral girdle
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.24a
ClavicleAcromio-clavicularjoint
Scapula
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clavicles (Collarbones)
• Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula
• Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum
• Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.24b
Acromial (lateral)end(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Posterior
Sternal (medial)end
Anterior
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
• Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7
• Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles
• Seven large fossae, named according to location
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25a
Acromion
Coracoidprocess
Suprascapular notchSuperior border
Superiorangle
Subscapularfossa
Medial border
Inferior angle
Glenoidcavity
Lateral border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25b
Superiorangle
Medial border
Coracoid processSuprascapular notch
Acromion
Glenoidcavityat lateralangle
Lateral border
Infraspinousfossa
Spine
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Supraspinousfossa
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25c
Coracoidprocess
Glenoidcavity
Acromion
Infraspinousfossa
Spine
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Infraglenoidtubercle
Supraglenoidtubercle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapularfossa
Inferior angle
Supraspinousfossa
Infraspinousfossa
Subscapularfossa
Posterior Anterior
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Upper Limb
• 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb• Arm• Humerus
• Forearm• Radius and ulna
• Hand• 8 carpal bones in the wrist• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm• 14 phalanges in the fingers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Humerus
• Largest, longest bone of upper limb
• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.26a
GreatertubercleLessertubercleInter-tubercularsulcus
LateralsupracondylarridgeRadialfossaCapitulum
Head ofhumerusAnatomicalneck
Deltoidtuberosity
CoronoidfossaMedialepicondyleTrochlea
(a) Anterior view
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Forearm
• Ulna• Medial bone in forearm
• Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus
• Radius• Lateral bone in forearm
• Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with radial notch of ulna
• Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.27a-b
Radialnotch ofthe ulna
OlecranonprocessTrochlearnotchCoronoidprocess Proximalradioulnarjoint
Distal radioulnarjoint
Styloid processof radius
Radius
Neck ofradius
Head ofradius
Ulnar notchof the radiusHead of ulna
Styloidprocess of ulna
InterosseousmembraneUlna
HeadNeckRadialtuberosity
Radius
Styloidprocessof radius
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.27c-d
(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Olecranon processTrochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
View
(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
Ulnar notch of radius
Headof ulna
Styloidprocess
Articulationfor scaphoid
Articulationfor lunate
Styloidprocess
View
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.26c-d
Coronoidfossa
Radius
Radialtuberosity
Head ofradius
Capitulum
Trochlea
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus
Medialepicondyle
Coronoidprocess of ulna
UlnaRadial notch
Olecranonfossa
Ulna
Olecranonprocess
Medialepicondyle
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Humerus
Lateralepicondyle
Head
RadiusNeck
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hand: Carpus
• Eight bones in two rows• Proximal row• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
proximally• Distal row• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
distally• Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with
radius to form wrist joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges
• Metacarpus• Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the
palm• Phalanges• Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three
phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal• Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the
thumb (pollex)• Thumb has no middle phalanx
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.28a-b
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Phalanges
Carpals
Radius
• Proximal• Middle• Distal
• Triquetrum• Lunate
• Capitate• Hamate
• Pisiform
Metacarpals
Carpals
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Ulna
• Base• Shaft• Head
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Carpals
(a) Anterior view of left hand
Radius
Sesamoidbones
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae)• Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong
ligaments
• Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
• Support pelvic organs
• Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.29
Coxalbone(os coxaeor hip bone)
llium
Sacroiliacjoint
Iliac fossa
Pubicbone
Ischium
Sacrum
Base of sacrum
Sacralpromontory
Pelvic brimAcetabulum
Pubic crestPubic symphysis
Iliac crest
Coccyx
Pubic arch
Anterior inferioriliac spine
Anteriorsuperior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hip Bone
• Three regions1. Ilium• Superior region of the coxal bone• Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum
(sacroiliac joint)2. Ischium• Posteroinferior part of hip bone
3. Pubis• Anterior portion of hip bone• Midline pubic symphysis joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.30a
IliumAla
Anterior gluteallinePosterior gluteal linePosteriorsuperioriIiac spine
Greater sciaticnotch
Posterior inferioriliac spine
Ischial bodyIschial spineLesser sciatic notch
Ischialtuberosity
Ischium
Ischial ramus Obturator foramen
Inferiorgluteal line
AcetabulumPubic body
Iliac crestAnteriorsuperioriliac spine
Anterior inferioriliac spine
PubisInferior ramusof pubis
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.30b
Iliac fossaIlium
Iliac crest
Anteriorsuperioriliac spine
Anterior inferioriliac spineArcuate line
Pubic tubercle
Superior ramusof pubis
Inferior ramusof pubis
Posteriorsuperioriliac spine
Obturatorforamen
Body ofthe ilium
IschiumIschial ramus
(b) Medial view, right hip bone
Auricularsurface
Ischial spineLesser sciatic notch
Greater sciatic notch
Posteriorinferioriliac spine
Articular surfaceof pubis (at pubic symphysis)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Female pelvis• Adapted for childbearing
• True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal
• Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Male pelvis• Tilted less forward
• Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles
• Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep