The Skeletal System:The Skeletal System:

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

A. The appendicular skeleton includes A. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower the bones of the upper and lower extremities and the shoulder and hip extremities and the shoulder and hip girdles.girdles.

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

B. The appendicular skeleton B. The appendicular skeleton functions primarily to facilitate functions primarily to facilitate movement.movement.

II. Pectoral (Shoulder) II. Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleGirdle

A.A. The pectoral girdle attaches the The pectoral girdle attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.axial skeleton.

II. Pectoral (Shoulder) II. Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleGirdle

1. The clavicle or collar bone lies 1. The clavicle or collar bone lies horizontally in the superior and horizontally in the superior and anterior part of the thorax and anterior part of the thorax and articulates with the sternum and articulates with the sternum and the scapula.the scapula.

II. Pectoral Girdle ContinueII. Pectoral Girdle Continue

The clavicle, one of the most frequently The clavicle, one of the most frequently broken bones in the bodybroken bones in the body

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2. 2. The scapula or shoulder blade The scapula or shoulder blade articulates with the clavicle and articulates with the clavicle and the humerus.the humerus.

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The scapulae is held in place The scapulae is held in place posteriorly only by complex posteriorly only by complex shoulder and back musculature.shoulder and back musculature.

III. Upper LimbIII. Upper Limb

A.A. Each upper limb consists of 30 Each upper limb consists of 30 bones including the humerus, ulna, bones including the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.phalanges.

III. Upper LimbIII. Upper Limb

1. The humerus is the longest and 1. The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb.largest bone of the upper limb.

III. Upper LimbIII. Upper Limb

It articulates proximally with the It articulates proximally with the scapula at the scapula at the glenohumeral glenohumeral jointjoint, and distally at the elbow with , and distally at the elbow with both the radius and ulna.both the radius and ulna.

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2. The ulna is located on the 2. The ulna is located on the medialmedial aspect of the foramen.aspect of the foramen.

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3. The 3. The radiusradius is located on the lateral is located on the lateral aspect aspect (thumb side)(thumb side) of the of the foramen. foramen.

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Falling on an outstretched arm may Falling on an outstretched arm may create a create a Colle’s fractureColle’s fracture, a fracture , a fracture near the distal end.near the distal end.

Upper Limb ContinueUpper Limb Continue

The radius and ulna articulate with The radius and ulna articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint, with the humerus at the elbow joint, with each other, and with three carpal each other, and with three carpal bones.bones.

Upper Limb ContinueUpper Limb Continue

4. Carpals, Metacarpal, Phalanges4. Carpals, Metacarpal, Phalanges

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The eight carpal bones, bound The eight carpal bones, bound together by ligaments, comprise the together by ligaments, comprise the wrist. wrist.

Upper Limb ContinueUpper Limb Continue

Because of the scant blood supply Because of the scant blood supply to the to the scaphoidscaphoid, scaphoid fractures , scaphoid fractures may be very slow to heal.may be very slow to heal.

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Five metacarpal bones are contained Five metacarpal bones are contained in the in the palmpalm of each hand. of each hand.

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Each hand contains 14 phalnges, Each hand contains 14 phalnges, three in each finger and two in in three in each finger and two in in each thumb.each thumb.

IV. Pelvic GirdleIV. Pelvic Girdle

A.A. The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of two hipbones (coxal bones) on two hipbones (coxal bones) on which the weight of the body is which the weight of the body is carried.carried.

IV. Pelvic GirdleIV. Pelvic Girdle

Each hipbone is composed of three Each hipbone is composed of three separate bones at birth: separate bones at birth:

1.1. IliumIlium

2.2. pubispubis

3.3. ischium.ischium.

IV. Pelvic GirdleIV. Pelvic Girdle

These bones eventually fuse at a These bones eventually fuse at a depression called the depression called the acetabulumacetabulum, which forms the , which forms the socketsocket for the hip joint. for the hip joint.

IV. Pelvic GirdleIV. Pelvic Girdle

The The iliumilium is the is the largestlargest and and articulates (fuses) with the ischium articulates (fuses) with the ischium and pubis.and pubis.

IV. Pelvic GirdleIV. Pelvic Girdle

The The ischiumischium is the is the inferior, inferior, posteriorposterior portion of the hip portion of the hip bone.bone.

IV. Pelvic GirdleIV. Pelvic Girdle

The The pubispubis is the is the anterioranterior and and inferiorinferior part of the hip bone. part of the hip bone.

IV. Pelvic Girdle ContinueIV. Pelvic Girdle Continue

B. True or False PelvesB. True or False Pelves

1. Together with the sacrum and 1. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the two hipbones form the coccyx, the two hipbones form the pelvis.pelvis.

IV. Pelvic Girdle ContinueIV. Pelvic Girdle Continue

2. The greater (false) and lesser (true) 2. The greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis are anatomicaly separated by pelvis are anatomicaly separated by a plane at the pelvic brim.a plane at the pelvic brim.

V. Comparison of Male and V. Comparison of Male and FemaleFemale

Female and male pelvic girdles Female and male pelvic girdles differences are primarily related to differences are primarily related to the need for a larger outlet in the need for a larger outlet in females to facilitate childbirth. females to facilitate childbirth.

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Male bones are larger and heavier Male bones are larger and heavier than those of the femalethan those of the female

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Male’s joint surfaces also tend to Male’s joint surfaces also tend to be larger.be larger.

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Muscle attachment points are more Muscle attachment points are more well-defined in the bones of a male well-defined in the bones of a male than of a female due to the larger than of a female due to the larger size of the muscles in males.size of the muscles in males.

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Iliac bones of male more verticalIliac bones of male more vertical

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Pelvic brim in male is heart shaped Pelvic brim in male is heart shaped due to prominence of the sacral due to prominence of the sacral promontarypromontary

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Pelvic brim more oval in femalePelvic brim more oval in female

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Pubic arch in male is under 90 Pubic arch in male is under 90 degreesdegrees

V. Comparison of Female and V. Comparison of Female and Male PelvesMale Pelves

Pubic arch in females over 90 Pubic arch in females over 90 degreesdegrees

VI. Comparison of Pectoral and VI. Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic GirdlesPelvic Girdles

1.1. The pectoral girdle does not directly The pectoral girdle does not directly articulate with the vertebral articulate with the vertebral column; the pelvic girdle does.column; the pelvic girdle does.

VI. Comparison of Pectoral and VI. Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic GirdlesPelvic Girdles

2. The pectoral girdle sockets are 2. The pectoral girdle sockets are shallow and maximize movementshallow and maximize movement

VI. Comparison of Pectoral and VI. Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic GirdlesPelvic Girdles

3. Sockets of the pelvic girdle are 3. Sockets of the pelvic girdle are deeper and allow less movement.deeper and allow less movement.

VI. Comparison of Pectoral and VI. Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic GirdlesPelvic Girdles

4. The structure of the pectoral girdle 4. The structure of the pectoral girdle offers more movement than strengthoffers more movement than strength

VI. Comparison of Pectoral and VI. Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic GirdlesPelvic Girdles

5. The pelvic girdle, more strength 5. The pelvic girdle, more strength than movement.than movement.

VII. Lower LimbVII. Lower Limb

A.A. Each lower extremity is composed Each lower extremity is composed of 30 bones, including the femur, of 30 bones, including the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.and phalanges.

FemurFemur

• The femur or thighbone is the The femur or thighbone is the largest, heaviest, and strongest bone largest, heaviest, and strongest bone of the body.of the body.

FemurFemur

• It articulates with the hip bone and It articulates with the hip bone and the tibia.the tibia.

PatellaPatella

The patella or kneecap is a The patella or kneecap is a sesamoid bone located anterior to sesamoid bone located anterior to the knee jointthe knee joint

PatellaPatella

• Protects the knee jointProtects the knee joint

Patellofemoral stress Patellofemoral stress syndromesyndrome

• Common knee problem in runnersCommon knee problem in runners

Patellofemoral stress Patellofemoral stress syndromesyndrome

• During normal flexion and extension During normal flexion and extension of the knee, the patella tracks up of the knee, the patella tracks up and down in the patellar groove of and down in the patellar groove of the femurthe femur

Patellofemoral stress Patellofemoral stress syndromesyndrome In this syndrome the patella also In this syndrome the patella also

tracks laterally, increasing the tracks laterally, increasing the pressure on the cartilage coating the pressure on the cartilage coating the underside of the patella.underside of the patella.

TibiaTibia

The tibia or shinbone is the larger, The tibia or shinbone is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg.leg.

FibulaFibula

The fibula is parallel and lateral to The fibula is parallel and lateral to the tibia.the tibia.

TarsalsTarsals

Seven tarsal bones constitute the Seven tarsal bones constitute the ankle ankle

MetatarsalsMetatarsals

Five metatarsal bones are Five metatarsal bones are contained in the foot.contained in the foot.

PhalangesPhalanges

Fourteen bones in each foot.Fourteen bones in each foot.

Arches of the footArches of the foot

• The bones of the foot are arranged in The bones of the foot are arranged in two nonrigid arches that enable the two nonrigid arches that enable the foot to support the weight of the foot to support the weight of the bodybody

Arches of the footArches of the foot

Provide an ideal distribution of Provide an ideal distribution of body weight over the hard and soft body weight over the hard and soft tissuestissues

Arches of the footArches of the foot

Provide leverage while walking.Provide leverage while walking.

Arches of the footArches of the foot

The longitudinal arch has a medial The longitudinal arch has a medial and lateral component.and lateral component.

Arches of the footArches of the foot

The transverse arch is The transverse arch is perpendicular to these arches.perpendicular to these arches.

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2. As a person ages, they tend to get 2. As a person ages, they tend to get flattening of the longitudinal arches, flattening of the longitudinal arches, causing the foot to elongate.causing the foot to elongate.

Hip FracturesHip Fractures

A break in the bones associated A break in the bones associated with the hip joint.with the hip joint.

Hip FracturesHip Fractures

Often require surgical treatmentOften require surgical treatment

HalluxHallux

Called a bunionCalled a bunion

HalluxHallux

The proximal phalanx of the great The proximal phalanx of the great toe deviates laterallytoe deviates laterally

HalluxHallux

The first metatarsal deviates The first metatarsal deviates medially.medially.