The Reproductive System:

Pregnancy

Allie ClausBarbara CaseyNick Crowley

What Is The Reproductive System?

Function: produce offspring

Puberty is the age at which the reproductive organs mature sufficiently to allow reproduction

Reproductive organs of both male and female produce sex cells called gametes

Combination if female gametes and male gametes is called fertilization

Male Reproductive System The purpose of the organs is to:

• Produce, maintain, and transport sperm and protective fluid (semen)

• To discharge sperm during sex• Produce and secrete male sex hormones

Female Reproductive System• Produces eggs, called ova, when fertilized

called zygote • Transport ova to site of fertilization • Conception: combining of sperm and egg• If egg does not become fertilized it

discharges, menstruation• Produces female sex

hormones

Fertilization- Ovulation: the releasing of an egg from the ovary - Amounts of estrogen and progesterone are increased and uterus

forms a blood-rich lining in the uterus- If one of the 250 sperm ejaculated penetrate an egg, egg will be

fertilized- Journey a sperm takes: travels from the vagina, through the cervix,

up into uterus to the fallopian tube and then penetrates egg- Next, outer membrane of egg hardens sono more sperm can

penetrate it and sperm's nucleus merges with egg's as they combine genetic information

- Fertilized egg travels to the uterus where it divides into 16 identical cells

- Egg burrows into uterine lining- Baby is now a blastocyst

Fertilization- average of 250 million sperm ejaculated- about 400 make it to the egg- takes 12-24 hours to get to egg- takes about 20 minutes for sperm to penetrate

egg- takes 30 hours for genetic information to combine- egg's trip from the fallopian tube to the uterus

(after fertilization) takes about 3-4 days

"Inside pregnancy: Fertilization"http://www.babycenter.com/2_video_10354435.bc

Implantation- Part of the blastocyst that will develop into the

placenta begins to produce the pregnancy hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).

- This hormone tells the ovaries to stop releasing eggs.

- It also increases production of estrogen and progesterone to keep your uterus from shedding lining.

- (you stop getting your period)- hCG turns a pregnancy test "positive"- Now possible to experience implantation spotting

First Trimester Last day of period to end of 13th week.

• During your last period, your uterus is preparing for ovulation and your body is gearing up for pregnancy.

• High Risk of miscarriage

Month 1By the end of the first month...- baby is the size of a poppy seed- baby's organs begin to develop- the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid are present - the yolk sac is present - your pregnancy test will definitely come up as

"positive"- you may make your first prenatal appointment- you may need to take prenatal vitamins because

you need more folic acid when pregnant because it protects the unborn baby from developing defects of the nervous system

Month 2By the end of the second month...- baby is the size of a grape- baby's teeth begin to form- baby's heart is separated into four chambers and

the valves start forming- the sex organs are present- the placenta is developed and takes over to

deliver nutrients from mom to baby and produces hormones

- you may not have gained weight yet- your physical symptoms are in full-force- you have had your first prenatal appointment

At Your First Prenatal Appointment- you will discuss your health history and due date- you will get blood drawn and need to give a urine

sample - your doctor will give you a physical exam

Month 3By the end of the third month...- the baby is almost three inches long- if the baby is a girl, she already has over 2 million

eggs in her ovaries- your symptoms subside- your breasts have started making colostrum

Second Trimester 14th - 28th week sometimes called the "golden

trimester"

• Your body has adjusted to pregnancy (you feel sick less frequently, your energy is returning)

• There is a much lower chance of miscarriage at this point

Month 4By the end of the fourth month...- baby is about 5 inches long- baby can flex its arms and legs- a baby girl has fully developed her ovaries and

fallopian tubes- a baby boy's genitals are noticeable- you will experience an increase in appetite- your blood pressure will be low- your second trimester ultrasound may show the

baby's gender

Month 5By the end of the fifth month...- baby is about 1 pound- baby has distinct eyebrows, eyelids, and lips- baby is developing tiny hairs, wrinkles on the skin,

and a padding of fat to fill in the wrinkles- you may have gained a significant amount of

weight or hardly any at all - you may have some stretch marks

Month 6By the end of the sixth month...- baby weighs almost 2 pounds- baby can open and close eyes and suck thumbs- baby's brain is highly active- your cramps are probably getting much worse- your leg muscles are probably sore and tired

Third TrimesterLasts from week 28 to birth

• End of pregnancy is near

• Time where the most fetal development takes place (more than doubles in size)

• Many doctors appointments (every week in last month)

• Braxton Hicks Contractions

Month 7By the end of the seventh month...- baby is about 16 inches long- fat is accumulating under baby's skin- baby is very active- you may be experiencing random contractions- if you're having a boy you should start making

decisions about whether or not you will have him circumcised

Month 8By the end of the eighth month...- baby is about 18 inches long- most of the baby's physical development is

complete- the next few weeks for the baby are focused on

gaining weight- your doctor will do a vaginal and rectal culture- you should begin to create your birth plan

Month 9By the end of the ninth month...- baby is about 20 inches long- you may have a biophysical profile and fetal heart

rate monitoring- your doctor will check your cervix to check the

position it is in/if it's ready for labor- you will be getting very anxious- baby is born

Preparing for Delivery Lightening: change in baby's position; uterus settles downward and forward and baby descends lower into the pelvis. Breech: baby takes a buttocks-first positionMucus Plug: fills and seals cervical canal during pregnancy; plug comes out along with mucus (bloody, pink, or clear)

Labor begins shortly after release of plug, 24 hours Amniotic sac will break before or after labor has begun (often after labor begins)

LaborFirst stage: contractions

What are contractions?o tightening and relaxing of uterine muscles

Cervix: connects uterus to vagina o must dilate 10 cm to allow baby to pass

through

Early labor: cervix gradually thins out and dilatesActive labor: cervix begins to dilate more rapidly,

and contractions are longer, stronger, and closer together

LaborSecond Stage: "pushing stage"

• Begins when cervix is fully dilated and ends with the birth of the baby

• Up to this point body has done all the work • Can last from 20 min to 2 hours • Contractions will last about 45 to 90 seconds • Strong natural urge to push

Crowning: when babies head is visible; burning sensation; will be told not to push

LaborThird Stage: delivering the placenta

• About 15 minutes after delivery, the uterus begins contracting again

• Placenta detaches from uterine wall• Caregiver may ask that you push when he/she

sees signs of separation • Not at all difficult or painful

Placenta: An organ filled with blood vessels that nourishes the baby

Complications During Labor Umbilical Cord

• Wrapped around baby's body• Prolapse: cord slips into the birth canal and

is trapped between baby and canal• Cord supplies oxygen and if it cannot be

returned to proper position, the baby needs to be surgically removed

Complications During Labor Asphyxia

• Oxygen supply is cut off due to problems with placenta or umbilical cord

• Can cause brain damage or death • Breathing problems may result if lungs contain

fluid or waste materials • Chest massage, drugs, and respirators can be

used to stimulate breathing

Complications During Labor Cephalopelvic disproportion

• Baby's head is too large to pass through the mother's pelvic bones

• Surgery is need

Cesarean section: delivery method in which the mother's abdomen and uterus are surgically opened and baby is removed

HormonesOxytocin

Hormone of loveMade in Hypothalamus, deep in the brain, posterior

pituitary.Causes powerful rhythmic contractions at the end of

labor; placental ejection reflex; milk ejection

After birth:When breastfeeding it is released as baby sucksKeeps mother relaxed and well nourished

HormonesEndorphins

Prevents mothers immune system from acting against the baby; genetic materials are foreign

Helps laboring in women to transmute the pain and enter an altered state of consciousness

Facilitates release of prolactin during labor which causes lactation; prepares baby's lungs for outside the womb

Hormones Fight-or-Flight

Adrenaline and noradrenaline; collectively catecholamines (CA's)

Secrete from adrenal gland above kidney During first stage of labor high levels of CA inhibit

oxytocin, slowing down labor.CAs act to reduce blood flow to the uterus and

placenta During the last stage of labor the CA levels increase

and the mother experiences a sudden rush of energy causing several very strong contractions that will birth the baby quickly and easily.

Body Changes After Birth:Reproductive Organs

Shrinking of Uterus: Should be at level of navel and firm.(if it is above navel and spongy feeling then you are at a greater risk of bleeding) It should decrease about 3/4 per day, approaching nonpregnant size in 4-6 weeks

Lochia (Discharge): Should be dark red for 2 to 3 days, pinkish brown for 3 to 10 days, creamy/yellowish for 1 to 2 weeks more. (If clot is greater in size than a nickel, or unusual odor noted, or your bleeding gets heavier and darker, call your OB care provider)

Body Changes After Birth:Reproductive Organs

Cervix: Closes slowly after birth

Vagina: May be swollen and bruised

Perineum: Area in front of anus, may appear to be swollen or bruised

Recurrence of ovulation: You will ovulate and can get pregnant before your first period occurs; recurrence of period varies person to person.

Reproductive System Diseases: Female

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

• Female abdominal cavity is directly connected to the outside through the reproductive tract

• Bacteria are able to enter the vaginal opening and travel through the uterus and uterine tubes that open into the abdominal cavity

• This can cause inflammation of the Uterus, Fallopian tubes, and Abdominal cavity lining If left untreated it can result in infertility

• Can be caused by many STDs such as Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

Diseases: PID ContinuedSymptoms: Lower abdominal pain and may result

in Infertility due to chronic swelling of Fallopian tubes

Treatment: • Antibiotics (Though they will stop infection and

swelling, any damage already done is irreversible).

• Prevention: SAFE SEX• Early treatment/ detection

of STDs

Cervical Cancer• It is characterized as Abnormal Cell Growth on

the Cervix• Caused by The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)• Can result in infertility for many women

Symptoms:· Bleeding from the Vagina that is abnormal, or a change in your menstrual cycle that you cannot explain.· Bleeding/ Pain during sex.· Vaginal discharge tinged with blood.

Cervical Cancer (Contd.)

Treatments include: • Chemotherapy• Radiation• Surgery- removal of pelvic lymph nodes, uterus

(hysterectomy), and fallopian tubes

Preventative Measures:• Safe Sex • Regular Pap smear tests

Diseases: Male•Inguinal Hernia

Separation of tissue allowing part of the intestine to push into the abdominal wall near the top of the scrotum

Cause: straining abdominal muscles or lifting heavy objects

Symptoms: lump in the groin, groin pain, partial or complete intestinal blockage

Typically surgery is needed to repair the opening

Diseases: MaleSterility –Inability to reproduce

Results from•Too few sperm (<20 million per milliliter of seminal

fluid)•Poor sperm qualityCauses•disease (chlamydia and gonorrhea) •Hormonal imbalance•Environmental hazards•Steroids•Genetics•Lifestyle

Reproductive System Problems: Male

Testicular CancerMost common in males ages of 14-40

Factors increasing risk• Undescended testicle, abnormal testicular

development, family history of testicular cancerPrevention• Monthly self-exam• if you notice any warning signs seek health care(Unusual lump, swelling, discomfort in a testicle or the

scrotum)

Reproductive System Problems: Male

Problems of the ProstateThe prostate is a small, walnut-sized structure that makes

up part of a man's reproductive system.

Enlarged prostate•Prostate presses against the urethra causing frequent urination

Prostate cancer•For men over 50, screening is usually performed during

regular medical checkups.

Video: How men react to labor pain

Work Cited http://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-topic-overviewhttp://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid.htmhttp://www.dmu.edu/medterms/female-reproductive-system/female-reproductive-system-diseases/http://www.bringingupbaby.com/Birth/birth_C3b.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prematurebabies.html

http://dictionary.reference.com/

http://www.webmd.com/baby/labor-signs

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/birth/ecstatic-birth-natures-hormonal-blueprint-for-labor

http://www.babycenter.com/

http://www.babycenter.com/stages-of-labor?page=5

http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system

http://www.iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/Reproductive%20System/malereproductiveorgans.jpg

http://www.iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/anat-phys.html

http://www.innerbody.com/image/repfov.html

http://www.childbirthconnection.org/article.asp?ck=10184