Frye AWC2Rev Fall ‘14

Papal politics

Fees for the faithful

Misbehaving monks

Simony

Poor pastoring

The relic racket

Indulgences

Leo X and Johann Tetzel

Martin Luther 1483-1546

Erasmus’ Greek NT: The just

shall live by faith…repent”

1517 - 95 Theses

Debates, 4 books by 1520,

excommunication

Diet of Wurms 1521 –

“Scripture and plain reason…”

Michelangelo

doesn’t come

cheap

My conscience is

captive to God…Here

I stand

Luther [Protestantism]

Every man his own priest

Read Bible for self in common tongue

2 sacraments

Salvation by faith, through grace alone, individual [free will]

Church focus on teaching Vocation and equality of clergy &

laypeople

Priest [church] mediates between lesser laity [note: somewhat more egalitarian today]

Bible in Latin; too complex for laymen [note: this has changed today]

7 sacraments

Salvation by faith, through grace, accessed via church alone and sacrament, communal [free will]

Church focus on communion

Catholicism

Sola Fides – faith alone… [no works]

Solus Christus - …in Christ alone [no church gatekeeper]

Church is an association of believers

Sola Gratia – by grace alone [can’t earn it]

Sola Scriptura – understood by Scripture alone [not any

added church decrees]

Soli Deo Gloria - and all things are to glorify God [so lay

people are equal to church people]

Luther in hiding

Translates Bible into German

1525 - German Peasant

Revolt: …but Luther rejects

violence – revolt suppressed

German princes “Protest” of 1530

1546-1555 War in Germany –

Princes v. Emperor Charles V …

Lutherans: northern Germans,

Scandinavians

Wittenburg

Worms

I’m really

tired of That

German

monk

I cannot recant…

that is a silly hat,

your majesty

Anabaptists [1525]

Adult baptism

No politics, Pacifism

Radical equality… even letting

women speak

Brethren, Amish, Mennonites

Persecuted by all – communal

retreat

Communities in Holland, East

Europe, Germany and England

Zurich

Begin in Zurich as

followers of Ulrich

Zwingli…who rejects

them

I’m not a fan

of Anabaptists

John Calvin 1509-1564

French, lawyer, Protestant (flees Paris 1533)…eventually in Geneva

1536 – Institutes of the Christian Religion… Rational study of Scripture (systematic theology)

otal Depravity

nconditional Election

imited Atonement

rresistible Grace

erseverance of the saints

It’s all about the

sovereignty

of God

Churches later called

Reformed, Presbyterian

[Scotland, John Knox],

Puritan [England],

Huguenot [France]

Covenant democracy Elected leaders Covenants Right of revolt Popular with middle

class 1541-1564 – Calvin in

Geneva The Academy –

exiles and secret agents

1630 –Great

Puritan Migration

Advised by religious intellectual

Thomas More,

the king at first opposes

reformers like…

William Tyndale

Translation into English

“Lord open the king’s eyes…”

Marries brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon [daughter Mary]

Wants divorce [mistress Anne Boleyn]

Act of Supremacy 1536…and divorce

Thomas More executed

“Anglican” Church…at first few changes in religious practice

Confiscates church property,

Later, English bible and Influence of Protestant sympathizers

It’s complicated

Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn

Jane

Seymour

Anne Boleyn gives birth to Elizabeth

Accused of treason - execution

Jane Seymour dies giving birth to Edward

DIVORCED

DIVORCED SURVIVED

DIED

BEHEADED

BEHEADED

Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

Whew! I beat

the odds

Elizabeth

Edward VI [r.1547-1553] –

Protestant but dies young

“Bloody” Mary [r.1553-

1558] Catholic comeback

320 killed

Marries Phillip II of Spain

…but no kids so throne goes

to….

We Tudors put

the “fun” in

dysfunctional

Hey, I’m a

Tudor… what did

you expect?

Reforms: Creation of seminaries, end of fees

relic abuse, and indulgence sales, crackdown

on naughtiness

Doctrine – reaffirmed

Grace and works mediated through the church

Free will

Papal authority, sacraments, purgatory

Efficacy of prayer to saints, Mariology

education, linguists,

missionaries, intellectuals, ambassadors

If the church

says white

is black,

Catholic

Catholic

Anglican

Lutheran

Calvinist [Reformed]

Anabaptist

1533 Calvin’s Institutes

1517 - 95

Theses

1570 Jesuits and

Catholic Reform

Zwingli

English dissenters [incl. Baptists]

1536 Act of Supremacy

Council of

Trent

CATHOLIC – church is

bigger than nation, can

instruct the state from a

superior position

LUTHERAN – National

church is supported by

and inferior to but

partially separate from

state

ANABAPTIST – no

connection [other than

church speaking truth

into society]; adopted

by Baptists and other

evangelicals

CALVINIST – church and state separate

but in cooperation; democracy

ANGLICAN – King head of church;

similar to Lutheran

Geneva

Zurich

Trent

Rome

Wittenberg

Anabaptist

1545-1648 in EuropeFrye AWC2

Gracias,

Papa

Tired of war: Retires, splits

empire

Austrian Hapsburgs

[Brother Ferdinand] gets

HRE and Austrian land

Son Phillip II gets Spain,

Netherlands, Italy and

Overseas

Paris is

worth a

mass

It is putting a very

high price on

one's conjectures

to have someone

roasted alive on

their account.”

The War of the 3 Henris: 3 Rival families

King Henri III and mum, Catherine d’Medici

[Catholic, moderate]

Henri Guise [Catholic, pro-Spanish]

Backed by Phillip’s secret agents

Henri Bourbon, King of Navarre [Huguenot]

A war of shifting alliances and assassins

1572 – St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Rise of politiques like Michel d’Montaigne

1589 – Two assassinations, Henri Bourbon

becomes… Henry IV …but converts to

Catholicism

1598 – Edict of Nantes tolerates 2 sects

1610 – Henry IV assassinated

Henri III Duke Henri Guise

Henri Bourbon

Devout – hates Protestantism -controlling, vast empire, agents, inquisitors and spies Siglo de Oro

1553 – married to Queen Mary of England [d.1558]

1571 – defeats Turks at Lepanto

1580 – Invasion of Portugal

Crackdown on the Netherlands [1568]

Raises taxes without a vote of Dutch Estates-General

Dutch Calvinists are tolerant of most groups [including Anabaptists, Jews, and the English Pilgrims]

OttomansMing

Mughals

PortugalSpain

Spain

Dutch

I prefer Starbucks

Phillip sends army, Inquisition

and the Duke of Alva …

William the Silent of

Orange

The Sea Beggars [1/3 of Spanish

shipping was Dutch]

The Remonstrance

William is assassinated

Northern provinces fight

on successfully

“80 Years War” 1568-

1648

CGPGrey on Neth

Hmmm…

Bacon or

hamlet?

Anglican via media – Catholic style,

Protestant belief

Dissenters

Puritans [Calvinist]

“the virgin queen” “loved and feared”

progresses, plays, and P.R.

Sir Francis Walsingham – master spy

1570 – excommunication…

1571 – crushes Catholic noble revolt; 1572

crushes Calvinist Puritan rebels

Scotland Mary, Queen of Scots, {French}

Catholic [r. 1542-1567]

…but John Knox convinces Scotland to

become Calvinist [Presbyterian]

Nobles stage coup, Mary abdicates in

favor of infant son James VI

Mary takes refuge with her cousin

Elizabeth…

Francis Drake and Sea Dogs

Imprisons cousin Mary Queen of Scots

for plotting with Phillip

Elizabeth sends soldiers and money to

help Dutch

Execution of Mary of Scots [1587]

Elizabeth vs. Phillip

I should have been a

wee bit nicer to

Cousin Liz

Silly boy…

THE PLAN: Phillip prepares a ‘grand armada’

Link up with army in Flanders

Crush England, Crush Dutch

Drake’s raid

Miscommunication and poor leadership

The fire-ships in the Channel

Storms and wrecks

And more failed fleets….

So what?

Beginning of Spanish decline Phillip defaults 4 times

English to New World

Protestantism survives

1609 – Dutch-Spanish truce

Mary Guise of

France [later

Queen of Scots]

Margaret

Henry VIII

James IV

James V

Earl of Angus

Margaret Matthew Stuart

Lord Darnley aka

Henry Stuart

[murdered]

JAMES VI of SCOTLAND aka JAMES I

of ENGLAND [1603-1625

MaryEdward VI

ELIZABETH I

1558-1603

1

2

Henry VII

21

ENGLAND

TUDORS

Scotland

STUARTS

x6

"Sirrah, ye are God's silly vassal; there are two

kings and two kingdoms in Scotland: there is

king James, the head of the commonwealth; and

there is Christ Jesus, the king of the Church,

whose subject James the Sixth is, and of whose

kingdom he is not a king, not a lord, not a head,

but a member.“ Professor Andrew Melville, …one of the founders of Scottish

Presbyterian Church addressing King James VI of Scotland,

later James I of England and successor to Elizabeth I.

I’m just

a wee

bit

miffed

James I [r.1603-1625]

“The wisest fool…”

ignores Parliament, ergo, no money [but avoids war]

Caught between Calvinists and Catholics : Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder plot

Jamestown 1607

Charles I [r.1625-1648]

Wars - Illegal fees and taxes

Star Chamber

S. Rutherford Lex Rex

God has put me here over

you daft English… peace

out, you Puritan dogs

1628 – The

Petition of

Right

War with

Scots

[1637]

Charles needs

money; calls

parliament

finally in 1640

Parliament

demands

reform

Charles disbands

parliament – but

the new parliament

demands the heads

of his advisors

Puritans - Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army

Cavaliers

[Royalists]

Parliament

[Roundheads]

& ScotsCharles

refuses to

call

Parliament

1642 – Charles

attempts to

arrest

Parliamentary

leaders

English Civil

War 1642-48

1648 – Charles

captured and

tried –

beheaded,

1649

Commonwealth 1648-1660

The English Civil War

Could we just trim a

little off my beard?

1549 – The Rump

1553 – The rule of the major

Generals

Puritan rules

Levelers suppressed

Persecution of Baptists, Dissenters,

and Quakers

Wars against Irish [massacres], Scots

[defeated], Dutch, and Spanish

[seizure of Jamaica]

Bah, humbug

1618 – Defenestration of Prague

Imperial forces gather; Protestant alliance

prepares for war Mercenaries; Germany

devastated [25% die]

Portuguese rebel

More political than actually religious

LUTHERANCALVINISTCATHOLIC

“Protestants”

Dutch

Lutheran German princes

Swedes

Danes

Portuguese [Catholic]

French [Catholic]

Cardinal Richelieu, [Louis

XIII] is more concerned about politics than religion

Spain [Hapsburgs]

Austrian and Imperial

[Hapsburgs]

Catholic German princes

“Catholics”

Give me six lines

written by the most

honorable of men,

and I will find an

excuse in them to

hang him.

Results…

Secularization of politics

Pope not invited

Concept of international

law and nation states

Portugal, Swiss, Dutch , Prussia

independent

Spain’s decline, French

dominance

Christendom divided

End of the Reformation era