The Reformation 1500s

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Henry VIII

Remember:

• The Church was incredibly powerful and influential-even over nobility

• They taught that they could not be wrong about anything.

• If you disagreed you could be excommunicated (or declared a heretic…death)

However:• New literacy (Gutenberg’s

printing press) led to new interpretation of Bible

• Scientific advances which contradicted the church

• The behavior of some priests during the Black Death gave people doubt

• Humanism led to new ideas about the importance of every individual

Lived in Germany, trained in law

Chooses life as a monk

Upset over local corruption

Priest Tetzel selling indulgences (tickets to heaven)

Collects ideas and writes 95 Theses

A list of things he thought were wrong (95 Complaints)-mailed to Pope

The Power of the Pope…all are equal in eyes of God

The Extreme Wealth of the Church

Indulgences (Catholic concept of salvation)

No celibacy, vernacular, faith alone!

Gutenberg’s printing press spread ideas

Gained support from people… especially peasants*

Criticism/negative reaction from Rome

The Diet of Worms (court trial)1520 Pope Leo X orders Luther to give up his beliefs (recant)Luther burned the order and was excommunicatedLuther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further-equality in faith, mass in vernacular!

Some local German churches accepted Luther’s ideas

Lutheranism was formed

Supported by German princes* who issued a formal “protest” against the church for suppressing the reforms

The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

Started in Switzerland – Calvinists

England = Puritans

Scotland = Presbyterians

Holland = Dutch Reform

France = Huguenots*

Germany = Reform Church

Anti-Catholic

Influenced by Martin Luther

Disagreed with Luther’s “salvation through faith alone.”

Believed theocracy best government

Created his own Protestant denomination in Switzerland

Purified approach to life:

No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

“puritan work ethic”

Calvin believed in:

Predestination

At birth it is already decided if you will go to heaven or hell

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”

- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

For what cause would you risk burning at the

stake?

1. German princes vs. Emperor Charles V

2. Charles V wins, but can’t force everyone back to Catholic Church3. 1555 Peace of Augsburg:

Official faith decided by local ruler

# of followers

Catholic Protestant (Lutheran, Anglican, etc.)

1500 A.D.1560 A.D.1600 A.D.

• The Catholic Church wants to stop the spread of Protestantism

• It was losing members which meant: losing money, land and authority

• They refocused and reformed a number of practices following the:

• Council of Trent (Catholic Reformation)

• Opened theology schools to counter Protestant experts (ex/ Jesuits)

The Council of Trent 1545-63

• Catholic bishops gathered to reform and counter Protestants

• No more indulgences • Church decides interpretation of

Bible• 7 sacraments not just bap/com• Pilgrimage/penance forgive sins

(good works + faith upheld)• Clerical celibacy upheld• Mass continue in Latin

PuritanHuguenots

Presbyterian

Mennonites/Amish