Foundations of Education1st Semester AY 2012-2013

The Philosophical Foundations of Education

Lorie-Ann V. PlacidoMAIP

Topic Outline

The Philosophy of the Renaissance Period

Modern Philosophies of Education

Renaissance Period

Monalisa by Leonardo Da Vinci

Pieta by Michelangelo

Renaissance Period

Gutenburg Perfect Printing C. Columbus discovered America

Renaissance Period

Columbus discovers the earth revolved

around the sunMartin Luther founded a new

religion

The Philosophy of the Renaissance Period Most authorities agree that modern times began

with the RENAISSANCE.

It was a general re-awakening, a revival or rebirth of learning.

The renaissance upheld the dignity of the human being, renewed the spirit of nationalism.

It is also the time for increased trade among countries, and a period of exploration.

This lead to scientific research which was used to solve problems.

Books were printed and thus were made more widely available.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period

Humanism The Reformation Protestant Reformation Catholic-Counter Reformation Realism Disciplinism Rationalism Naturalism Nationalism Developmentalism

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period - HUMANISM

Derived from studia humanitatis which means “studies of humanity”

This movement started in the early part of the 14th century.

This period was marked by a revival of the classical influences of the Romans and Greeks, expressed in the flowering of the arts and literature as well as the beginning of modern science (Duca:1998)

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period - HUMANISM

It was a way of life concerned with the fullest realization of human development.

It may be traced to the saying of Protagoras, “Man is the measure of all things, of those that are, that they are, of those that are not, that they are not” (Tulio:1999)

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period - HUMANISM

Humanistic Education was the outgrowth of the renaissance. It identified two phases:

1. Italian or individual humanism

2. Social humanism

1. Italian or individual humanism

This stressed personal culture, individual freedom and the

development

of the elite group.

Popular Humanist during this time:

DANTEALIGHIERI

Author of DivineComedy

Popular Humanist during this time:

Petrarch

A prolific writerand a

progressive

thinker

Popular Humanist during this time:

Da Feltre

A scholar andeducator whoopened the

schoolsfor the poor

1. Social Humanism

this gave moreemphasis on

moraland social

reformsas the best

meansfor providing

richand full lives

for all

Popular Humanist during this time:

Erasmus

- a Dutch scholar

- Known for his educational works “Liberal Education of children” & On the Order of Study”

HUMANISM contributed the following to education:

1. Allowed the development of educational talent.

2. Encouraged involvement and participation in all educational opportunities.

3. Encouraged students toward actualization and self fulfillment.

4. Placed a premium on humanity and individual potential.

5. Introduced innovations in teaching methods.

6. Stimulated creativity and independence among students.

7. Increased person to person interaction.

This was one of the movements during the 16th century directed against the practices of Roman Catholic Church.

Reformation was not merely a reform in religious doctrine. It involved political, economic, moral, philosophical and institutional changes.

Credit to its success was MARTIN LUTHER, an Augustinian monk and professor of theology at the newly-established University of Wittenburg.

He was threatened with excommunication from the Catholic faith,

LUTHER and other protestant reformers, formed a movement called “Protestant Reformation”

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – THE REFORMATION

• The aim of Protestant Reformers was religious moralism – living a worthy life would guarantee a glorious after life.

• Education must provide adequate training in the duties at home.

• It also promoted parental discipline and a sound family life as a foundations of a good government.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – THE REFORMATION – Protestant Reformation

3 Types of Protestant Schools

1. Vernacular school. This was organized for popular education. The educational system was compulsory.

2. Secondary School. The protestant reformation gained greatest strides in the secondary level.

3. University School. Trained the masses and other future leaders.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – THE REFORMATION – Protestant Reformation

Popular scholar during this time:

Melanchtion

- One of the greatest

Scholars who made a

Survey of what was in

Germany.

-the outcome of which

became the basis of the

SAXONY Plan toestablish a

secondaryschool in every townunder the control of

thestate.

Popular scholar during this time:

Melanchtion

Methods used in school were:

Reading Correct pronunciation of words Memorization of answers from the

Gospel Hymns and Psalms

Eventually, classroom instruction became more

rigid, discipline was harsh and religiousIndoctrination was the chief method

used.

This was another movement intended to clarify doctrine and improve the practices of the catholic practices of the Catholic Church.

This aimed to develop an unquestioning obedience to the authority of the church

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION

The different religious congregation also stressed

their own aims:

The Jesuit schools were designated to train leaders

The Christian Brothers

Jansenists will teach spiritual salvation.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION

Jesuits schools were designated to train leaders

through the following:

1. Doing a small amount of work at a time and doing it well.

2. Two steps in the teaching method: pre selection and repetition.

3. Adapting the lesson to the abilities and interests of the children.

4. Student participation through the question and answer method.

5. Repetition for mastery.6. Review7. Motivation by rivalry and emulation.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION

Realism maintained that education should be concerned with actualization of life.

They believed that the new type of education should be developed to prepare the child for the concrete duties of practical living.

The difference between realist, humanist and reformers gave rise to various groups of realists.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM

1. Verbal Realist aimed at complete knowledge and understanding of human society and to fit the individual to the environment in which he lived.

3 Famous verbal realists

a. Vives

b. Rabelais

c. Milton

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM – various groups

Popular scholar during this time:Vives (Spanish) believed that

educationshould develop personality. To do

this ateacher should study each pupil

individuallyadapt school work.

Popular scholar during this time:Rabelais (French)stressed that the aim

oflearning was thedevelopment of a

wholeperson

Popular scholar during this time:

Milton (English) said that

education was to prepare

for actual living

2. Social Realists were members of the aristocracy who claimed that education should best develop man’s contact with people and their activities rather than through books.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM – various groups

Popular scholar during this time:

Montaigne – a famous social realists. He proposed a broad social education that would make young aristocrats “men of the world”

3. Sense Realists emphasized a practical type of education that stressed scientific training. They favored democratic education and the uses of vernacular.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM – various groups

Popular scholar during this time:

Comenius had

More symphathy

for themasses and

heChampionededucation for

all.

Popular scholar during this time:

Mulcasteremphasized

thatchildren must

beStudiedthoroughly,

theirinnate abilitiesshould

respected.He

recommends

that games, play,

exercise intandem withLearning.

Popular scholar during this time:

BaconStressed

man’sdominance

overthings. He

usedthe inductivemethod oflearning.

Popular scholar during this time:

RatkeEmphasized

thedevelopment

of anatural

methodof teaching.Repetition heinsisted must

bedone as often

aspossible. He

alsoprescribed

thatlearning

throughsenses must

firstBe done

beforeexploration.

It was the two doctrine characterized by two reactions during the 1st half of the 18th century: the rise of formal discipline; and the development of reason or rationalism.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – DISCIPLINISM

Popular scholar during this time:

John LockeStronglyAdvocated thedisciplinary

theoryof education in

hisSome ThoughtsConcerningEducationbelieving that

themind of the

childat birth was ablank tablet ortabula rasa

It was the movement that upheld the right of each individual to his own opinion, liberty of conscience and freedom of thought.

This was considered as the age of REASON, some times known as the AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – RATIONALISM

The most influential movement of the 18th century which stood for education in accordance with nature.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM

Popular scholar during this time:

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed that the

basic tenet ofnaturalism wasconviction and

thatthe natural

growthof children in aNaturalEnvironmentConstitutedAdequateeducation.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.

Key Concepts Naturalist Education

1. Education must satisfy the basic needs of man as an individual.

2. Education is geared to individual growth each child.

-it is the role of education to provide knowledge and skills that are fundamental forces within the individual to seek satisfaction.

-Believes that each child follows a logical pattern of growth and development and that education must be attuned to these natural patterns.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.

Key Concepts Naturalist Education

3. Education is not simply mental in nature.

4. Students educate themselves

-Advocates the education of both mind and body. Encourages the development of moral character, discipline and physical well being.

-Education involves self activity Activities are offered for exploratory purposes and for the development of aesthetics and self expression.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.

Key Concepts Naturalist Education

5. The teacher has an awareness of the nature of the child.

6. Teacher as a guide in the intellectual process,

-Awareness that natural environment is responsible for the development of the individual differences, each child has a distinct learning needs that require individualized learning activities.

-The education and instruction used must be based on the understanding level of the children to naturally develop them according to their needs and interests.

The rapid rise of nationalism in the 19th century stimulated the development of the state-controlled and state supported public school system because naturalism focused on the patriotic citizenship.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATIONALISM

The salient points brought about by naturalist education.

1. Grammar became the leading subject in the curriculum.

2. Acquisition of knowledge and skills through the 3r’s

3. Use of the “project method” which gave pupils a chance to work on actual practical problems.

4. Increase in public funds to support colleges and universities.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATIONALISM

This was a child centered theory that emphasized a careful study of the child. Developmentalists viewed education as a natural process, a growth and unfolding of innate talents and potentials.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – DEVELOPMENTALISM

Popular scholar during this time:

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

He combinedphysical, moral,intellectual andmanual work in

hisaim to“psychologizeeducation”.

Popular scholar during this time:

Johnann Freidrich Herbart

His central principle

was that ideas are

developed in themind throughexternal stimuli.

Popular scholar during this time:

Friedrich Froebel

His theory was based on the concept of the absolute as a creative force.

Formulated 5 basic principles of teaching.

The Principle of Self Activity The Principle of Interest The Principle of Apperception Principle of Individual Difference Principle of Socialization.

Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – DEVELOPMENTALISM

This school of thought holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception or experience.

This also claims that man’s knowledge is based on his mental state and the mental stimulus perceived by man’s soul comes from an infinite spirit which is God.

The idealist expects the teachers to be role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and vocational excellence to their students.

They should teach by example.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Idealism

This school of thought holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception or experience.

This also claims that man’s knowledge is based on his mental state and the mental stimulus perceived by man’s soul comes from an infinite spirit which is God.

The idealist expects the teachers to be role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and vocational excellence to their students.

They should teach by example.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Progressivism

It is a philosophical doctrine which emphasize the freedom of human beings to make choices, in a world where there is no absolute values outside man itself.

The decisions that a man makes will enable him to realize what kind of person he will be and will make him distinct from other people.

And if a person has developed and is aware of his own identity, he will be able to find meaning and purpose for his existence.

Education to the existentialist should enable man to make choices for his life.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Existentialism

It is an philosophical theory that ascribes ultimate reality to essence embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses.

In education, it is a philosophy holding that certain basic ideas and skills or disciplines essential to one’s culture are formulable and should be taught to all alike by certain time-tested methods.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Essentialist

IdealismPragmantismProgressivismExistentialismEssentialism

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

Pragmantism• It claims that the child’s growth

and development as an individual depend on his experiences and self activity.

• Emphasizes that educational concern must be on the child’s interest, desires and the learners freedom as a an individual rather than the subject matter.

• Adheres to the ideas that thinking and reasoning should be emphasized, and that good

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION