The Open Access Movement, Scholarly Communication,

and Library Services:

trends, resources and responses

By: Sherry Buchanan, Portland State University

Northwest Interlibrary Loan and Resource Sharing ConferenceSeptember 16, 2005

Current Challenges to Scholarly CommunicationEscalating Journal Subscription Prices, Declining Acquisitions BudgetsLicensing Issues Prevent ILL LendingAuthors Unaware of RightsJournal Cost Model Conversions / HybridsMultiple article versions and access points Library Services seem fractured, confusing

Subscriptions are Expensive!

A Cornell Web Page

What is Open Access (OA)?

Online access to peer-reviewed articles via the Internet with no access fees to usersAn alternative cost modelA promise for sustainabilityPublishing model that uses copyright to ensure access rather than restrict itStandards-driven access method, based on the Open Archives Initiative, using Open Archives Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) Supported by ALA, ARL, ACRL, SPARC, SPARCEurope, NIH, JISC, CURL, OSI and others

Overlap and Definitional Confusion about OA, Repositories

and Digital LibrariesOpen Access ~ free online access to peer-reviewed articles

Repositories ~ institutional only, can contain OA articles, but more commonly contain preprints or post prints

Digital Libraries (DLs) ~ OAI-PMH taking hold, but DLs contain images, films and other surrogates, not just articles

Questions for Consideration

How can we address the OA paradigm shift in a way that takes into account new modes of access and considers the needs of scholars?How are Interlibrary Loan Services being affected by OA?What is the future of resource sharing?

Today, We Will Consider:Open Access issues and trends

Key challenges for library folks, scholars and publishers

Implications for Interlibrary Loan and other library services

Resources ~ Open Access Journals and Directories

Strategies to resolve access barriers

Opportunities for collaborative action

Key IssuesSustainabilityCost (Who Pays?)RhetoricCompeting StandardsAccess Crisis Promotion and TenureCopyright and Licensing

Key Issue: Sustainability“Publishing and Libraries will remain viable only as long as they abet, in a cost beneficial way, research efforts of university faculty” (Heath and Duffy)Library budgets can no longer support increasing costs of journal subscriptions:~ 210% increase in serial expenditures between 1986 and 2001; Consumer Price Index increased only 62% (ARL)~ 38% increase in journal subscription prices from 2001 to 2005 (Ebsco Info. Services)

Key Issue: Who Pays?AuthorSubscriberInstitutionGovernment Endowment CorporationCombination Models

Key Issue: Rhetoric

SPARC et al Letter in Support of OANIH Proposal and ExtensionElsevier LetterDavid Stern (Yale) Caltech’s Synthesis

Key Issue: Competing Standards

Berlin 3 DeclarationCoalition for Networked InformationConsortium of Research Libraries in the British Isles Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Digital Library Federation French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)

Joint Information Systems Committee National Institute of HealthOpen Archives InitiativeOpen Society InstituteScholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition / SPARCEuropeWellcome TrustWorld Summit on the Information Society

Key Issue: Access Crisis

Digital DivideResearchers are not being served wellKnown item searching is complexInterlibrary Loan WorkaroundsLibrary folks are becoming facilitators, not intermediaries

Key Issue: OA Affects Promotion and Tenure

“Publish or Perish” and Hiring PracticesREVISITED

~ easier to publish in OA journals ~ “author / institution pays” cost model ~ higher impact factors for OA journals

Key Issue: Copyright and Licensing

Creative Commons Movie Intermission

How Can Library Folks Help?

Know and Use ResourcesStronger Commitment to Open AccessLINK LINK LINKCollaborate and Integrate Services Promote Open AccessTalk with Publishers and VendorsStay Current with Trends

ResourcesDirectory of Open Access Journals OpenDOAR (being developed)CiteSeer ~ Penn State’s Scientific Literature Digital LibraryFree Full Text.com ~ “A supplement to every library catalogue on the planet!”Free Medical Journals.com Highwire ~ “largest archive of free full-text science on earth!”Digital Library for Information Science and Technology

OAIster ~ Harvests OAI compliant data

Arxiv ~ Cornell’s STM Archive

Open Archives List of ProvidersInstitution Archives Registry ~ 468 registered as of August 18, 2005

Sample of Creative Commons Licensing:

More Resources

Effectively Use Resources

Search Google effectively:Key the article title in quotes View results cached

Tell Patrons & Coworkers about Resources

Stronger Commitment to Open Access

Encourage your library to join SPARCSubscribe to SOAN, the SPARC NewsletterUse the ACRL Scholarly Communication ToolkitSupport Alternative Publications, e.g. PLoS

Know the Key Proponents of Open Access

Stevan Harnad: OA ArchivangelismPeter Suber: OA AdvocacyCharles W. Bailey; Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography

Link Link LinkCatalog Internet Resources, e.g. Espéculo

Get Free MARC Records via CUFTS Ask for Aggregated Packages to include OA TitlesUse Electronic Resource Management SoftwareUse an OpenURL-Compliant Link Resolver:

reSearcher (open source), ExLibris’s SFX, Endeavor's LinkFinderPlus, CARL’s Gold Rush, SirsiResolver, Fretwell-Downing's OL²

Collaborate and Integrate Services

Reference and Interlibrary Loan Staff Grey Literature may not be as grey as you think; Refer amongst staff Encourage researchers to contact authors

Serials and Interlibrary Loan Staff Meet and discuss better services, OPACsBuy rather than borrow?

Promote Open Access

Share Create Change and Open Access BrochuresMake a Display in your Library Create a web page e.g. Cornell’s Sticker Price ~ e.g. UCSFCatalog Scholarly Output (Grey Literature)

Initiate Conversations and Encourage Authors to

Check SHERPA, NEGOTIATE IP Rights, and

Self-Archive

Share with Colleagues:Key Facts about OA

OA Accelerates researchOA costs less (up to 30% less to produce than print only, according to Wellcome Trust) OA journals have greater research impact (Antelman, Lawrence)

Talk with Publishers and Vendors

Do your best to know the ramifications of your license agreements Try to tackle Intellectual Property, Copyright and Licensing Issues Talk to Publishers about alternative cost models – refer them to Prosser et al

More Ways to HelpLibrarian To Do List (Peter Suber)Seek better access via OCLC, your OPAC, Federated Searching (via Metadata Harvesting Protocol), Link Resolvers (OpenURL) LINK LINK LINK.Support OA Initiatives, such as the NIH Proposal.Consider Frameworks in which you can Advocate:

Ad Hoc CommitteesCouncil of Academic DeansFaculty SenateList ServsGrassroots efforts

Still More Ways to Help

Form Alliances with Faculty, Libraries, Corporations and Publishers to examine cost models, work-arounds, resolutions.Ask OCLC and Google to work harder, with patron needs in mindRemember, Barriers are mostly socialExplore and volunteer

Stay Current with TrendsOLA Environmental ScansOCLC Environmental ScanGoogle Scholar ~ portal functionality, OpenURL linking is under development

Contact scholar-support@google.com

Digital Opportunity Investment Trust (DOIT) Digital Promise Project ~ Lucas FilmOAI-PMH and other Protocols

OAI-PMH in Digital Libraries

OpenDOAR ~ Coming SoonNetworked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations is using OAI-PMHCiteSeer is OAI-PMH compliantGoogle is using OAI-PMH to harvest from National Library of Australia

Consider ResolutionsThink about a central access point, pathfinder or portal to organize and integrate sources (Who will pay for it?) (Who will control it?)Think about service levels; how can we get added value with OA journals, e.g. awareness services.Are there standards we can implement?

Questions for the FutureWill we soon see a universal, central repository, and who will control it? Can the improvements in scientific scholarly communication transfer to the humanities?How will Librarians work with others to negotiate our roles?How will you work toward equitable access and sustainability?

Selected Sources2004 Information Format Trends: Content Not Containers

Antelman, Kristin, “Do Open Access Articles have Greater Research Impact?”

Buchanan, Sherry The Future of Content: The Open Access Movement – Issues, Trends, Responses

Buchanan, Sherry and Cyril Oberlander Making Connections: Pioneering the Information Landscape

Buchanan, Sherry, Rose Jackson and Cyril Oberlander, “Can cooperative service solve the grey literature challenge?” OLA Quarterly, fall 2004. p. 5-9

More Selected SourcesBuchanan, Sherry, The Open Access Movement, Scholarly Communication, and Library Services: trends, resources and responsesBudapest Open Access InitiativeCreative Commons – Get Your License HereDigital Promise (link to the Lucas film!)Digital Opportunity Investment Trust (DO IT):“DO IT will do for education and training what NSF does for science, NIH does for health, and DARPA does for national defense.”Economic Analysis of Scientific Research Publishing, a report commissioned by the Wellcome TrustOCLC Environmental Scan

Still More Selected Sources

OLA Environmental Scans

Open Access Project – Open Society Institute.

Prosser, David C., “From Here to There: A Proposed Mechanism for Transforming Journals from Closed to Open Access,” Learned Publishing, vol. 16 (2003), pp. 163–66

Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography (Version 59)

Timeline of the Open Access Movement

Variations on Open Access: A Study of Alternative Business Models for Scholarly Journals – link to the PP presentation!

How to Contact Me:Sherry Buchanan, MFAConference Chair, NWILL 2005MSLIS/DLCAS CandidateILL/DD SpecialistPortland State University Library-ILLLIBW - ROOM ML 284PO BOX 1151, PORTLAND OR 97207p (503) 725-3877 f (503) 725-4527e sherrybuchanan@gmail.com

“It's all about standards” ~ Tim Berners-Lee