The Mongols and Central Asia

Pre-Mongol Eurasia

Temujin, 1206-1227• Born 1167• Mongols were nomadic • 1206 - Declared leader of

all Mongol tribes, Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan)

• 1211 – Invades Jin Dynasty in northern China

• 1227 – Genghis Khan dies, Ogodei is next Khan

Chinese Dynasties

• Jin Dynasty 1115—1234 – Genghis Khan invades

• Yuan Dynasty 1271—1368 – Mongol-led, founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis

• Ming Dynasty 1368—1644 – Drives out Mongols, nice vases

• Qing Dynasty 1644—1911 – Last dynasty before Republic of China

The Khanates

Ogodei Khan, 1229-1241

• 2nd Great Khan• Added Persia• Empire reached greatest extent west• Conquered Georgians, Armenians, invaded

Korea• He died just as his armies were invading

Austria and Germany

The Batu Campaigns, 1230s – 1250s

• Batu Khan – son of Jochi, grandson of Genghis

• Leader of The Golden Horde while Ogedei and Guyuk were Great Khans

• At one time, ruled Rus, Caucasus, Volga Bulgaria, Cumania

• Volga – longest river in Europe• Rus – totally destroyed scores of

cities, Pskov and Novogrod escaped destruction

• Top general was Subatai

Guyuk Khan, 1246-1248

• 3rd Great Khan• Letter to Pope Innocent

IV: "from the rising of the sun to its setting, all the lands have been made subject to the Great Khan“

• Died while probably planning to assassinate Batu Khan

Mongke Khan, 1251-1259

• Added Syria and Iraq to empire

• First from the Toluid line• Uprising in Novogrod –

Alexander Nevsky convinced city to pay tribute

• Made deals with Crusaders (Crusades ended in 1291)

Maaloula

Kublai Khan, 1260-1294• Founded Yuan Dynasty, mandate

of heaven• First non-Chinese to conquer all

of China• Summer palace in Xanadu

(subject of Coleridge poem)• Marco Polo wrote of him in the

Polo travels• Bad relations with Golden Horde• National paper currency• Rebuilt The Grand Canal• Son Temur

• Two failed invasions of Japan: 1274, 1281 with Korean allies

• Kamikaze – “divine wind”

XANADUTHE BALLAD OF KUBLAI KHAN

by SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1816)

In Xanadu did Kublai Khana stately pleasure-dome decree,where Alph, the sacred river, ranthrough caverns measureless to mandown to a sunless sea,so twice five miles of fertile groundwith walls and towers were girdled round.and there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,where blossom'd many an incense-bearing tree.And here were forests as ancient as the hills,enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

End of Mongolian Empire

• Rule of Togon-Temur, 1333-1370• Ming Dynasty (Han Chinese) rose in the south• 1369 – took capital Shangdu, Mongols fled north• Still kept title Emperor of China but the southern

Chinese called him • Chinese believed the Khan lost the Mandate of

Heaven, one of the five Confucian relationships

Ivan III

The Great Stand on the Ugra River

1480

Crimean Khanate 1600