The Mongols and Central Asia
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Transcript of The Mongols and Central Asia
The Mongols and Central Asia
Pre-Mongol Eurasia
Temujin, 1206-1227• Born 1167• Mongols were nomadic • 1206 - Declared leader of
all Mongol tribes, Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan)
• 1211 – Invades Jin Dynasty in northern China
• 1227 – Genghis Khan dies, Ogodei is next Khan
Chinese Dynasties
• Jin Dynasty 1115—1234 – Genghis Khan invades
• Yuan Dynasty 1271—1368 – Mongol-led, founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis
• Ming Dynasty 1368—1644 – Drives out Mongols, nice vases
• Qing Dynasty 1644—1911 – Last dynasty before Republic of China
The Khanates
Ogodei Khan, 1229-1241
• 2nd Great Khan• Added Persia• Empire reached greatest extent west• Conquered Georgians, Armenians, invaded
Korea• He died just as his armies were invading
Austria and Germany
The Batu Campaigns, 1230s – 1250s
• Batu Khan – son of Jochi, grandson of Genghis
• Leader of The Golden Horde while Ogedei and Guyuk were Great Khans
• At one time, ruled Rus, Caucasus, Volga Bulgaria, Cumania
• Volga – longest river in Europe• Rus – totally destroyed scores of
cities, Pskov and Novogrod escaped destruction
• Top general was Subatai
Guyuk Khan, 1246-1248
• 3rd Great Khan• Letter to Pope Innocent
IV: "from the rising of the sun to its setting, all the lands have been made subject to the Great Khan“
• Died while probably planning to assassinate Batu Khan
Mongke Khan, 1251-1259
• Added Syria and Iraq to empire
• First from the Toluid line• Uprising in Novogrod –
Alexander Nevsky convinced city to pay tribute
• Made deals with Crusaders (Crusades ended in 1291)
Maaloula
Kublai Khan, 1260-1294• Founded Yuan Dynasty, mandate
of heaven• First non-Chinese to conquer all
of China• Summer palace in Xanadu
(subject of Coleridge poem)• Marco Polo wrote of him in the
Polo travels• Bad relations with Golden Horde• National paper currency• Rebuilt The Grand Canal• Son Temur
• Two failed invasions of Japan: 1274, 1281 with Korean allies
• Kamikaze – “divine wind”
XANADUTHE BALLAD OF KUBLAI KHAN
by SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1816)
In Xanadu did Kublai Khana stately pleasure-dome decree,where Alph, the sacred river, ranthrough caverns measureless to mandown to a sunless sea,so twice five miles of fertile groundwith walls and towers were girdled round.and there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,where blossom'd many an incense-bearing tree.And here were forests as ancient as the hills,enfolding sunny spots of greenery.
End of Mongolian Empire
• Rule of Togon-Temur, 1333-1370• Ming Dynasty (Han Chinese) rose in the south• 1369 – took capital Shangdu, Mongols fled north• Still kept title Emperor of China but the southern
Chinese called him • Chinese believed the Khan lost the Mandate of
Heaven, one of the five Confucian relationships
Ivan III
The Great Stand on the Ugra River
1480
Crimean Khanate 1600