The lectureThe lectureHygiene and physiology of labour. Classification

factors of labour process and production environment after weight, tension and harmfulness. Features of hygiene of labour in separate industrial

and agricultural production

THE PLAN

1. THE SUBJESCT OF OCCUPATION HYGIENE2.PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENTS ARISING IN

ORGANISM UNDER WORK TIME3.TIREDNESS AND PROPHYLAXY ARRANGEMENTS4.WOMEN’S WORK HYGIENE 5.HYGIENE AND WORKINGPROTECTION OF

TEENAGERS6.PROFESSIONAL INJURIES AND PROFESSIONAL

DISEASES 

OccupationOccupation Hygiene Hygiene is a branch of hygiene, which studies influence of industrial environment on workers' activity and develops arrangements, directed on improving working conditions and the increase of men capacity.

The subject of Occupation Hygiene is: 1. To study working processes and physiological disorders in an

organism, caused by these processes; 2. To study man's workability and to develop physiological bases of

rational working mode and rest;3. To study the factors (meteorological, chemical, physical) of

working environment with the aim of development a hygienic rate;

4. To study the peculiarities of production processes, equipment and materials, raw materials and other products of production; with the purpose of removal of the influence on the working organism.

5. To study worker's state of health (professional and non-specific diseases);

6. To study the state and the effectiveness of sanitary-technical (ventilation, illumination) and sanitary-domestic devices and equipment, methods of individual defence etc.

Occupation Hygiene develops:

· Hygienic demands to

therational use of equipment     Hygienic norms and regulations in working conditions

· Building and upkeeps of

industrial enterprises · Measures of personal hygiene 

· Suggestions for the rational working

conditions organization and rest

Occupation hygiene uses many various research methods:

Physical Chemical  Physiological Statistic Sanitary-statistic

Experimental researches are also applied with the use of

Physical Chemical Biochemical Psychological Toxic

methods

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENTS ARISING IN

ORGANISMUNDER WORK TIME

Muscle work executed by human causes the changes of functional organism state. Distinguish a dynamic muscle work which takes place when the removing of weight is made in the direction opposite to the action of weight force (e.g. weight lifting is a positive dynamic work) and also in the direction, which coincides with the action of weight force (e.g. sinking of weight is a negative dynamic work)

 

static muscle work which takes place when the removing of weight is not made, and muscle effort is directed on her supporting.

Energy, obtained in act of carbohydrates decomposition is used for the mechanical muscles work not directly, but through the phosphoric combinations which are rich by energy, for account of which a loss of creatin-phosphate and АТP is restored.

In aerobic phase a part of lactic acid, which is generated in act of muscle contraction, oxidizes to carbon dioxide and water and is taken out of organism. The rest of lactic acid for oxidation energy resynthesizes into glycogen and can again take part in cycle of muscle contraction. After 2-4 min from the beginning of work man the activity of respiratory and cardiac-vascular systems increases:  

1)increases a minute heart volume,2)accelerates a pulse, 3)considerably rises maximum arterial pressure,4)improves circulation of blood in muscle, which

works, 5)increases respiratory rate.

All types of muscular work

light middle heaviness hard work

•light physical works (category I)

•physical works of middle heaviness (ІІ A and ІІ B categories)

•hard works (III category).

TIREDNESS

AND

PROPHYLAXY

MEASURES

Tiredness is a reduction of working ability, which is caused by the fulfilment of certain work. Objectively, the process of tiredness expresses in reduction of working

capacity and subjectively into feeling tired.

 

Hypothesis of tiredness

Hypothesis, which was offered,

first explained the essence of

Tiredness by underestimation

of power supplies

(carbohydrates and lipids).

            Later appeared the theories of

organism “poisoning” by the

disintegration products

of albumin and carbohydrates,

or by the special toxins - cetotoxins.

   At last was created theory organism poisoning by disintegration products, specifically by lactic acid .

Distinguish tiredness, which quickly develops (by reason of unusual or very hard physical work),

and tiredness, which develops slowly (secondary) and is accompanied by some changes in organism, conditioned though and usual, but by the long work

Tiredness, that develops quickly,

can appear by reason of big physical efforts or execution of work task, which is not suitable for functional organism possibilities. 

Such tiredness characterizes by:

• violation of functions coordination of central nervous system and

• beginnings of hearths of special disorders.

The difference of tiredness, that quickly develops, is a fast organism functions renewing after suppression of work.

Tiredness, which develops slowly, characterizes by gradual capacity reduction by reason of usual, but extremely long or monotonous work. Under this braking develops slowly, it is unsteady, superficial and gradually acquires disposition stage.

There is observed:

•some weakening of reception functions, specially of visual and auditory analysers, and

•some violations of motion coordination

Tiredness

Secondary tiredness can gradually congest and cause an

overstrain (a pathological state)

The main overstraining process signs are:

-    Headache,

-    Sleeplessness (insomnia) , 

-     Appetite loss, 

-     Raised irritation,

-     Weakness of memory,

-      Lowering of organism immunity.

An OVERSTRAIN is a typical working conditions peculiarity. The main arrangement against overstraining is a rational combinations of working period and rest. A break must be long enough for full renewing of physiological functions. Positive influences have physical exercises during the break time, automatism and production mechanization. The problems of working capacity and the prevention of tiredness can be solved by different ways, specifically by the use of wide mechanization of hard intensive works, automatism of production processes, rationalization of technological equipment etc.

The most effective tiredness prophylaxis arrangements

organization of rational laboured process, working mode

and rest,

creation of conditions for fast capturing of working habits.

Women`s occupation hygiene Women`s occupation hygiene

All professional injuries for the influence disposition on women's organism can be divided on three groups:

          A) Those, that simply influence an organism, irrespective of sex;

            B) Inauspicious for women's organism, but not dangerous for delivery  function;

            C) Those which are dangerous for women’s regeneration function.

HYGIENE AND WORKING PROTECTION OF TEENAGERS

By official legislation teenagers are considerate young people in age from 15 to 18 years old. A basic peculiarities of this age are:

•a high level of basic functions,

• fast growth and physical development of organism,

• alteration of endocrine vegetative system,

• nervously psychic sphere

•and interchange of matters. 

PROFESSIONAL INJURIES AND

PROFESSIONAL DISEASES

         Professional injuries are the factors of production environment and laboured process, which can have harmful influence on organism of a worker.

Distinguish such production injuries:•physical•chemical•biological•psycho-physiological

         A Group of physical factors includes:

•Machines and mechanisms which run,•Increased pollination and gas pollution, •Raised or very low temperature of air of work zone, •Increase of noise levels in work area, •Vibration, infrasound oscillations, to ultrasound, •Electromagnetic radiation.

Most hearing loss occurs in workplaces, where workers may be unable to avoid unhealthy noise, and where exposure may

continue for years.

Factory workers

construction workers

farmers

musicians

firefighters

police officers

military personnel

Vibration Localsegmental (hand/arm)

GeneralWhole-Body Vibration

Is transferring on a body of the sitting or worth person

through basic surfaces (a seat, a floor, a working

platform)

is transferred to hands of the

working at contact to the vibrating tool

or the equipment

Operators of road breakers, hammer drills, pedestal grinders, lawn mowers, chainsaws, pneumatic powered hand tools are just a few examples of when employees are being exposed to potentially dangerous levels of vibration.

Hand-arm vibration comes from the use of hand-held power tools and is the cause of significant ill health (painful and disabling disorders of the blood vessels, nerves and joints).

Hand-arm vibration exposure  may cause Raynaud’s phenomenon: 

cold provoked episodes of well-demarcated distal blanching (whiteness) in one or more fingers. Vibration induced white finger (VWF) is defined as first appearance of RP after start of professional exposure to hand-arm vibration and no other probable causes of RP]. The pathogenic mechanism of VWF is not completely understood but digital artery vasospasm is a probable cause.

The prevention of Vibration

Caisson (decompression)

sickness—

         A Group of chemical production factors subdivides on two parts: 2)         by character of influence on people:•toxic, •sensebilization ,•carcinogenic,•  mutagenic2)  by the way of entrance in people: •breathing organs,•digestive tract,•skin and mucous membrane.

           

Time, minutes →

Lev

el o

xid

en,

l1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Level oxiden

А – middle work , Б - anoxia

The Professional diseases can be:

Specific Non-specific

Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases

Fibrosis of lung

Silicosis showing as nodular mass on a chest x-ray

Black LungBlack lung disease is the common name for coal workers'

pneumoconiosis (CWP) or anthracosis, a lung disease of older workers in the coal industry, caused by inhalation, over many years, of small amounts of coal dust.

Prevention

Prevention

Dark deposits of lead sulphate (known as lead lines) on the gum of a patient suffering from lead poisoning.

Arsenic Poisoning

Attached to long stand-up body regulation, under walking time and loading heavy weight can develop flattened-foot and can be seen in workers of such professions: fitters, locksmiths, turners, loaders, punch press operators and others.           Work, that is fulfilled when seated, also gives some defections.  First for all, spine distortion is a result of uneven loading on different groups of muscles. Deserve attention indigestions, piles, and in women - violations of menstrual cycle, that arise by reason of rise of inner skull pressure and blood stagnation in veins of abdominal cavity.

WORK TRAUMATISM

Under production traumatism understands the damages, which happened to a worker while performing of work on territory of production enterprise or finding pathology of organ function or organism as whole.

         Types of worker’s trauma

 Mechanical

  Thermal Electric

Chemical

Types of worker’s trauma

There are three groups of causes of production traumatism:

Technical Organizational

Sanitary-hygienic

Organizational causes of worker’s trauma :

1. Incorrect organization of working process, 2.  Application of dangerous labour methods,  3.  Non-observance of accident prevention regulations,  4. A lack of individual defence methods

Sanitary-hygienic causes of worker’s trauma 1. Violation of sanitary-hygienic mode on production,2. Bad illumination, 3. High temperature and air humidity or superfluously low

temperature,4. Production dust, 5. High concentration of toxic matters in air, 6. Workplace pollution,  7. Considerable noise and others

Basic arrangements for the preventing of traumatism are:

Control over equipment, and running instruments;

 Improvement of natural and electrical illumination;

 Systematic supervision for execution of accident prevention regulations;

 Equipment of all of the workers by methods of individual defence and control of their use during the work time;

 Improving arrangements against tiredness, taking out of external production environment,

  Working mode rationalization and rest.

The occupational health hazards in agriculture may be stated as

(a) agricultural accidents which may occur in

- farm operations with simple and/or sophisticated tools,

- village home accidents like snake, scorpion and other insects bites or accidents owing to close maintenance of animals etc.,

- village terrain accidents owing to underdeveloped roads and rickety means of transport,

(b) heavy exposure risks for problems associated with environmental insanitation, zoonosis and cultural lag, poverty, illiteracy and taboos,

(c) hazards of harsh climate and dependence on nature (e.g. floods and draughts)

(d) hazards of toxic chemicals e.g.

- acute poisoning from toxic organophosphorus compound (Parathion), nitrated and chlorinated phenols or chlorinated hydrocarbons like dieldrin, endrin etc.,

- delayed or prolonged effects of alkyl-mercury compounds used for speed dressing organophosphorus insecticides like malathion etc.

- hazards of other pesticides, antibiotics and h6rmonal preparations used for insects and animals.