Transcript of The Languages of India Four Language Branches, one area of the world.
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- The Languages of India Four Language Branches, one area of the
world
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- Southern Asias Languages All these languages originated from
the great languages of the past, with most of them belonging to
several major linguistic families, like Indo-Aryan (spoken by 70%
of Indians), Dravidian languages, spoken by 22% of the Indians),
Austro-Asiatic languages and Tibeto-Burman linguistic
languagse.
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- Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,... Indo-European
family (1.6 billion speakers) Indo-Iranian group (600 million
speakers) Indic / Indo-Aryan branch (540 million speakers)
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- Hindi: the Official Language of India Indo-European,
Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Hindi. The accent and dialects will be
different between regions, but almost every Indian has a working
knowledge of Hindi , It is written in a Devanagiri script. Hindi
ranks 4 th in the world for most speakers. Official language in
India and Fiji. Spoken in India and Pakistan.
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- How to say: HelloNamastey! Good-byeAlvida! Pleasekrpay Thank
youShukriyaa
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- English Words Derived from Hindi Avatar from avatar meaning
"incarnation." Bandanna from Bandhna,( ) to tie a scarf around the
head. Cheetah from ct, , meaning "variegated body." Guru from Guru,
A teacher, instructor, intellectual or spiritual guide or leader,
any person who counsels or advises; mentor. e.g. "The elder senator
was her political guru." Karma from Karma, meaning acts or deeds.
Khaki from khk "of dust colour, dusty, grey", cf. Hindi
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- Bengali Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern Group,
Bengali-Assamese Bangla Written in the Bengali Script. Ranks 5 or 6
th in the world for most speakers. An official language of West
Bengal. Spoken by nearly 200 million people in West Bengal and in
Bangladesh; also spoken in India, UK, USA, Singapore, United Arab
Emirates, Australia, Myanmar.
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- Punjabi Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Punjabi , , ,
Pajb Written in Gurmukhi in Punjab (India) and Sikh diaspora
Shahmukhi in Punjab (Pakistan) Devanagari (mainly used by Hindus)
Ranks 12th in the world for speakers. The official language of the
State of Punjab. It was created by the Sikh Guru, Angad. Spoken in
India and Pakistan. Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language
in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large
numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom
(where it is the second most commonly used language) and Canada,
where in recent times Punjabi has grown fast and has now become the
fourth most spoken language.
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- Urdu Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central Zone,
Western Hindi, Khariboli, Urdu Written in Nastalq script Ranked 921
(native speakers), in a near tie with Italian and Turkish. Contains
many Persian Language words. Official language in Pakistan and
India. Spoken in Pakistan, India. Also in various countries due to
immigration, USA, UK, Germany, Canada, UAE, Saudi Arabia,
Australia, Fiji, Afghanistan and Burma.
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- Gujarati Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western
Indo-Aryan, Gujarati Gujrt Written in Gujarati script. Gujarati is
ranked 25 th in the world for speakers. It is the official language
in the Gujarat State of India. It is also the language that spread
most in India and in the world. It is spoken in India, Pakistan,
South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, U.S., UK, Australia, New
Zealand, Fiji, Canada, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Portugal.
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- Oriya Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern Group,
Oriya group, Oriya oi Written in the Oriya script Ranked 31st in
the world for number of speakers An official language of India
Spoken in the Orissa area of India
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- Maithili Indo-european, Indo-Iranian, Eastern Group, Bihari,
Matihili maithil Written in Devanagari, Kaithi, Mithilakshar Ranked
40 th in the world for number of speakers Officially the language
of Bihar State of India Spoken in India and Nepal
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- Sindhi Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern Zone, Sindhi
,Sindh Written in Arabic Ranked 47 th in the world for language
speakers Officially spoken in Pakistan, India. Also spoken in Hong
Kong, Oman, Philippines, Singapore, UAE, UK, USA, Afghanistan
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- Nepali Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Pahari, Eastern
Pahari, Nepali Written in the Devanagari script. Ranked 52 nd in
the world of language speakers. Officially a language in Nepal.
Spoken in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Tibet, Myanmar.
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- Dravidian Languages
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- Telugu Dravidian, South-Central Telugu Written in the Telugu
script. Ranked 14 th in the world for most speakers. Officially
spoken in India. Spoken also in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
It is numerically the biggest linguistic unit in India.
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- Tamil Dravidian, Tamil-Kannada tami Written in the Tamil
script. Ranked 19 th in the world for language speakers. Officially
the language of India. Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Sri Lanka, and
Singapore. Also spoken in India, Sri Lanka and Singapore, where it
has official status; with significant minorities in Canada,
Malaysia, Mauritius, and Runion, and emigrant communities around
the world. Tamil literature goes back to Centuries before the
Christian era.
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- Malayalam Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu,
Tamil- Malayalam, Malayalam malayam Written in Malayalam script,
historically written in Vattezhuthu script, Kolezhuthu script,
Malayanma script, used in Thiruvananthapuram, Karzoni script. Also
Arabic script, an Arabi Malayalam. Ranked 32 nd in the world for
language speakers. Officially spoken in India. Spoken specifically
in Kerala, Lakshadweep, Karnataka, Mah, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Persian Gulf. It is the youngest of all developed
languages in the Dravidian language family.
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- Kannada Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada Kannada kannaa
Written in Kannada script. Ranked 33rd in the world of language
speakers. Officially a language in India: Karnataka. Spoken in
Karnataka, India, with significant communities in USA, Australia,
Singapore, UK, United Arab Emirates.
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- Austro-Asiatic Language Branch
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- Sino-Tibetan
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- Indias History
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- The History of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley
Civilization in such sites as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal,
and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are usually
described as the pre- Vedic and Vedic periods. It is in the Vedic
period that Hinduism first arose: this is the time to which the
Vedas are dated.
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- In the fifth century, large parts of India were united under
Ashoka. He also converted to Buddhism, and it is in his reign that
Buddhism spread to o ther parts of Asia. It is in the reign of the
Mauryas that Hinduism took the shape that fundamentally informs the
religion down to the present day. Successor states were more
fragmented.
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- Islam first came to India in the eighth century, and by the
11th century had firmly established itself in India as a political
force; the North Indian dynasties of the Lodhis, Tughlaqs, and
numerous others, whose remains are visible in Delhi and scattered
elsewhere around North India, were finally succeeded by the Mughal
empire, under which India once again achieved a large measure of
political unity.
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- The European presence in India dates to the seventeenth
century, and it is in the latter part of this century that the
Mughal empire began to disintegrate, paving the way for regional
states. In the contest for supremacy, the English emerged
'victors', their rule marked by the conquests at the battlefields
of Plassey and Buxar.
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- The Rebellion of 1857-58, which sought to restore Indian
supremacy, was crushed; and with the subsequent crowning of
Victoria as Empress of India, the incorporation of India into the
empire was complete. Successive campaigns had the effect of driving
the British out of India in 1947.
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- The six decades between the end of the "mutinous" war of 1857 -
59 and the conclusion of First World War saw both the peak of
British imperial power in India and the birth of nationalist
agitation against it. With increasing intrusion of aliens in their
lives, a group of middle class Indians formed the Indian National
Congress (1885) - a society of English educated affluent
professionals - to seek reforms from the British.
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- The anti-colonial struggle became truly a mass movement with
the arrival of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 - 1948) in 1915 who
had suffered great humiliation in South Africa due to the policy of
racial discrimination and later committed to rid his motherland of
the ills of foreign rule.
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- Successive campaigns had the effect of driving the British out
of India in 1947, but with independence for India came the
independence for the country of Pakistan, too.
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- There is hardly anything that India cannot indigenously build.
Ships, planes, cars, vehicles of all kinds and now missiles are all
built in India with Indian labor and expertise. A younger
generation will take all these for granted but it is only an older
generation that has seen India cower under western dominance that
can appreciate the great changes that have come over Indian
society. On the strength of what India has achieved in the last
half a century one can confidentially assert that within the next
quarter century India will be a force to reckon with and will be
counted among the first three or four most powerful nations in the
world. That is not only a dream and a hope but something that will
be seen as a reality. Then indeed can any Indian say with truth and
pride: 'Mera Bharat mahan (My India is Great).
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- Religion: a Mainstay of Culture India is the birth place of
Dharmic religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.
Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third- and
fourth-largest religions respectively, with around 1.4 billion
followers altogether. India is one of the most religiously diverse
nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious
societies and cultures. Religion still plays a central and
definitive role in the life of most of its people. The religion of
more than 80.4% of the people is Hinduism. Islam is practiced by
around 13.4% of all Indians. Sikhism, Jainism and especially
Buddhism are influential not only in India but across the world.
Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bah' Faith are also
influential but their numbers are smaller. Despite the strong role
of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have visible
influence along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other
people.
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- Indias Society Family plays a big role in the Indian culture.
India for ages has had a prevailing tradition of the joint family
system. Its a system under which even extended members of a family
like ones parents, children, the childrens spouses and their
offspring, etc. live together. The elder-most, usually the male
member is the head in the joint Indian family system who makes all
important decisions and rules, whereas other family members abide
by it. The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound
impact on the region's popular culture. Common name for wilderness
in India is Jungle which was adopted by the British colonialists to
the English language. The word has been also made famous in The
Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. India's wildlife has been the
subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the Panchatantra
and the Jataka tales. In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol
of ahimsa (non-violence), mother goddess and bringer of good
fortune and wealth. For this reason, cows are revered in Hindu
culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act of worship.
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- Namaste, Namaskar or Namaskara is a common spoken greeting or
salutation in the Indian subcontinent. Namaskar is considered a
slightly more formal version than namaste but both express deep
respect. It is commonly used in India and Nepal by Hindus, Jains,
and Buddhists, and many continue to use this outside the Indian
subcontinent. In Indian and Nepali culture, the word is spoken at
the beginning of written or verbal communication. However, the same
hands folded gesture is made usually wordlessly upon departure. In
yoga, namaste is said to mean "The light in me honors the light in
you," as spoken by both the yoga instructor and yoga students.
Taken literally, it means "I bow to you". The word is derived from
Sanskrit: to bow, obeisance, reverential salutation, and respect
and: "to you". When spoken to another person, it is commonly
accompanied by a slight bow made with hands pressed together, palms
touching and fingers pointed upwards, in front of the chest.
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- India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society,
celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The three
national holidays in India, the Independence Day, the Republic Day
and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm
across India. In addition, many states and regions have local
festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic
demographics. Popular religious festivals include the Hindu
festivals of Navratri Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga puja, Holi,
Rakshabandhan and Dussehra. Several harvest festivals, such as
Sankranthi, Pongal and Onam, are also fairly popular. Certain
festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable
examples include Diwali which celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains
and Buddh Purnima which is celebrated by Buddhists and Hindus.
Islamic festivals, such Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Ramadan, are
celebrated by Muslims across India. Adding colors to the culture of
India, the Dree Festival is one of the tribal festivals of India
celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh,
which is the easternmost state of this country. Festivals
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- Food, Glorious Food! Food is an important part of Indian
culture, playing a role in everyday life as well as in festivals.
Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the varied
demographics of the ethnically diverse subcontinent. Generally,
Indian cuisine can be split into five categories: North, South,
East, West Indian and North-eastern India. Historically, Indian
spices and herbs were one of the most sought after trade
commodities. The spice trade between India and Europe led to the
rise and dominance of Arab traders to such an extent that European
explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, set out
to find new trade routes with India leading to the Age of
Discovery. The popularity of curry, which originated in India,
across Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as the
"pan-Asian" dish.
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- Clothing Delhi is considered to be India's fashion capital,
housing the annual Fashion weeks. In some village parts of India,
traditional clothing mostly will be worn. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,
Ahmedabad, and Pune are all places for people who like to shop. In
southern India the men wear long, white sheets of cloth called
dhoti in English. Over the dhoti, men wear shirts, t- shirts, or
anything else. Women wear a sari, a long sheet of colorful cloth
with patterns. This is draped over a simple or fancy blouse. This
is worn by young ladies and woman. Little girls wear a pavada. A
pavada is a long skirt worn under a blouse. Both are often gaily
patterned. Bindi the forehead dot - is part of the women's make-up.
Traditionally, the red bindi (or sindhur) was worn only by the
married Hindu women, but now it has become a part of women's
fashion. Indo-western clothing is the fusion of Western and
Subcontinental fashion.
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- Literature Rabindranath Tagore, Asia's first Nobel laureate
Illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra. With more than 74,000
verses, long prose passages, and about 1.8 million words in total,
theMahbhrata is one of the longest epic poems in the world. In
contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary
awards; these are the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship and the Jnanpith
Award. Seven Jnanpith awards each have been awarded in Kannada, six
in Hindi, five in Bengali, four in Malayalam, three each in and
Marathi, Gujarati, Urdu and Oriya.
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- Performing Arts The music of India includes multiple varieties
of religious, folk, popular, pop, and classical music. This picture
shows music at a religious ceremony. Indian dance, too, has diverse
folk and classical forms. Kalari is considered one of the world's
oldest martial art. This snap shot shows one of the oldest
surviving drama traditions of the world, the 2000 year old Sanskrit
theatre. The tradition of folk theater is popular in most
linguistic regions of India. In addition, there is a rich tradition
of puppet theater in rural India, going back to at least the second
century BCE.
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- Visual Arts The earliest Indian paintings were the rock
paintings of pre-historic times, the petroglyphs as found in places
like Bhimbetka, some of which go back to the Stone Age. Cave
paintings from Ajanta, Bagh, Ellora and Sittanavasal and temple
paintings testify to a love of naturalism. Freshly made colored
flour designs (Rangoli) is still a common sight outside the
doorstep of many (mostly South Indian) Indian homes. The first
sculptures in India date back to the Indus Valley civilization,
where stone and bronze figures have been discovered. Later, as
religions developed further, India produced some extremely
intricate bronzes as well as temple carvings. During the Gupta
period (4th to 6th century) sculpture reached a very high standard
in execution and delicacy in modeling.
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- Architecture
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- Recreation and Sports In the area of recreation and sports
India had evolved a number of games. The modern eastern martial
arts originated as ancient games and martial arts in India, and it
is believed by some that these games were transmitted to foreign
countries, where they were further adapted and modernized. A few
games introduced during the British Raj have grown quite popular in
India: field hockey, football (soccer) and especially cricket.
Although field hockey is India's official national sport, cricket
is by far the most popular sport not only in India, but the entire
subcontinent, thriving recreationally and professionally. Indoor
and outdoor games like Chess, Snakes and Ladders, Playing cards,
Carrom, Badminton are popular. Chess was invented in India. Games
of strength and speed flourished in India. In ancient India stones
were used for weights, marbles, and dice.
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- Popular Media THEN (1959)NOW
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- Khatam