Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the...

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Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science

Transcript of Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the...

Page 1: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science

Page 2: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Earth Science

OBJECTIVES

Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science.

Contrast the four systems of Earth.Discuss how Earth science effects your daily life.

Page 3: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 – Major AreasThere are four major areas in Earth science.

Astronomy is the study of objects beyond the Earth’s atmosphere.

M101 is a large Milky-Way-like galaxy in Ursa Major, about 25 million light-years (ly) distant.

Page 4: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 – Major Areas (continued)

The study of the materials that make up Earth and the processes that form and change these materials is known as geology.

Page 5: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 – Major Areas (continued)

The study of Earth’s Oceans is called oceanography.

The following activities are usually performed by oceanographers:

studying the creatures that inhabit salty water

measuring physical and chemical properties of the oceans

examining the effects of human activities on Earth's saltwater bodies

Page 6: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 – Major Areas (continued)

Meteorology is the branch of Earth science that deals with Earth’s atmosphere.

Page 7: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Spheres

Earth can be divided into four major systems (or spheres).

The lithosphere includes the rocks that make up the crust and rigid upper mantle.

Page 8: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1

Spheres – continued

The atmosphere is the blanket of gas that surrounds Earth.

Page 9: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Spheres - continued

The water in Earth’s oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, glaciers, and in Earth’s atmosphere makes up the hydrosphere.

Earth’s hydrosphere is the system of all of the water on the planet.

Page 10: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Spheres - continued

The biosphere is Earth’s inhabitants and their environments.

Page 11: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Earth’s four main systems interact with one another.

•You are part of the biosphere.•You live on the crust, which is part of the lithosphere. •You breathe the gases in the atmosphere.• You depend in many ways on the water in the hydrosphere.

Chapter 1 The Spheres – the

Summary

Page 12: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

1.2 Methods of Scientists

OBJECTIVES

List the steps used in a scientific method.

Compare and Contrast experimental variables and controls.

Identify basic SI units.Explain how to write numbers using scientific notation.

Page 13: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Section 2 The first step in a scientific method is to identify the problem and determine what you want to know.

• defining the problem,

• stating a hypothesis

• analyzing the results of the test

• and drawing conclusions.

Page 14: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Comparing & Contrasting the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Independent variable

An independent variable is a factor that can be manipulated.

The x-axis.

Dependent variable

A dependent variable is a factor that results from manipulating the independent variable, and is measured by the experimenter.

The y-axis

Both variables are involved in scientific experimentation.

Page 15: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Control

To show that the results of the experiment are actually due to the condition being tested, scientists use a control, which is a standard for comparison.

Page 16: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Section 2

In scientific notation, a number is expressed as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.

525,600 Minutes 5.256 x 105 Minutes

0.001 M 1.0 x 10-3 M

Page 17: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Section 2

Most scientific studies use a standard system of units called SI (Le Systeme International d'Unites ), which is a modern version of the metric system.

Page 18: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

SI Le Systeme International d'Unites

The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).

Mass gram

Page 19: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

SI Le Systeme International d'Unites

Length meter

Temperature Kelvin

Page 20: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

SI Le Systeme International d'Unites

Time second

Liquid equivalent liter

Page 21: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

SI Le Systeme International d'Unites

Weight Newton

Page 22: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

1.3 Communicating in Science

OBJECTIVES

List several ways in which scientific information is communicated.

Differentiate between a scientific theory and a scientific law.

Page 23: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Section 3 Scientific information is communicated through:

•lab reports,

•professional papers.

either of which may include tables and graphs, and models.

Page 24: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Chapter 1 Section 3

A basic fact that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon is called a scientific law.

May be thought of as a ‘rule of nature’, even though the cause of the law may not be known.

Page 25: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

Scientific theory is based on an explanation which is based on many observations during repeated experiments.

Chapter 1 Section 3

Page 26: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

A scientific theory is valid only if:

• it is consistent with observations, • makes predictions that can be tested, and • is the simplest explanation of observations.

Chapter 1 Section 3

Page 27: Earth Science Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science. Earth Science OBJECTIVES Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth Science. Contrast the four.

A theory can be changed or modified if it is found to be incorrect.

Chapter 1 Section 3