Post on 06-Oct-2021
Syllabus-2000 (Internal)
The Internal Pharmacy Course
Anatomy
Lecture
Lecture Topics
1st Term
1. Cells and Tissues 2 hours
Cell
Cell membrane : structure and function
Organelles and their functions : nucleus and nucleolus, mitochondria,
ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi body
Tissues
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Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue : skeletal / cardiac / smooth muscle
Nerve tissue
2. Cardiovascular system 1 (heart) 2 hours
Position / borders and surfaces, gross anatomy
Interior of the heart
Blood supply
Conducting system
Nerve supply
Histology
Layers of the heart
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Cardiac muscle
3. Cardivascular system 2 (circulation) 2 hours
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
aorta and branches
vena cavae and tributaries
azygous system
cerebral circulation and Circle of Willis
Portal circulation
Porto-systemic anastomoses
Histology of blood vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries
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4. Respiratory System 2 hours
Gross anatomy, histology and functions of the
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx and vocal cords
Trachea
broncial tree
alveoli
Respiratory epithelium
Changes in the respiratory tract and how it is adapted to it's functions
Lungs
structure
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coverings (pleura)
Rib cage : Basic structure and movement, movements
Muscles of respiration and movements
diaphragm
intercostal muscles
Mechanisem of respiration
5. Urinary system 2 hours
Function of the urinary system
Kidneys - gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy
blood supply
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Nephron
detailed structure
function
mechanisum and sites of action of diuretics
Blood pressure regulatory function of the kidneys
Structure and function and microscopic anatomy of the
ureters
bladder
urethra
6. Gastrointestinal System 2 hours
Gross anatomy ,position, relations, histology and functions of the
oral cavity, salivary glands, tonsils
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pharynx, epiglottis (swallowing mechanisum )
oesophagus
stomach
small intestines (duodenum, jejunum,ileum), intestinal villi
large intesting (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid ,rectum)
anal canal and sphincters
Functional adaptations of the gut mucosa in each part
Associated glands
Liver
Basic microscopic structure, position and relations of porta
hepatis and portal triad
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Microscopic structure of hepatic lobule
Gall bladder and biliary tract
structure, position and relations
function of gall bladder
shincter of Oddi, ampulla of Vater
Pancreas
structure, position and relations
microscopy of the exocrine pancreas
function of the exocrine pancreas
Peritoneal coverings
Blood supply of the gut
7. Nervous System 1 2 hours
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Main divisions - central, peripheral and autonomic
Distribution of white matter and grey matter
Central Nervous system - Structure and functions
Cerebral hemispheres and lobes
Hypothalamus
Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Skull and vertebrae
Coverings of brain and spinal cord and sub-arachnoid space
Ventricular System
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Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid
Lumbar puncture site
8. Nervous System 2 2 hours
Peripheral nervous system
Histology of a peripheral nerve
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Reflex arc
Dermatomal distribution of sensory nerves
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
functions of each division
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mechanism and sites of action of drugs acting on the nervous system
Analgesics
Anaesthetic drugs
Paracetomal
Drugs acting on the ANS (eg. sympathomimetics)
2nd Term
9. Lymph and reticulo-endothelial system 2 hours
Composition of lymph
Structure of lymph vessel
Arrangement of lymphatic vessel : lymph trunks, cisterna chyli,
thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct.
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Structure of a lymph node and sites of lymph nodes
Organs without lymphatics
Retyiculo-endothelial system: organs involved
10. Locomotor system 2 hours
Connective tissue - bone / cartilage / nuscle / histological appearance
Structure of a long bone
Types of joints (with examples)
Structure of a synovial joint
Microscopic structure of neuromuscular junction
Tendon / ligament / fascia
Muscles where intramuscular injections are given
11. Special senses 2hours
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Skin
Structure : epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Functional adaptations, skin circulation
Eye
coverings : sclera, cornea, iris, choroid, retina
Chambers
Lens
Ear
External ear
external auditory canal, tymphanic membrane
Middle ear
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ossicles (structure and function)
Inner ear
cochlea, semicircular canals
Other
Olfactory epithelium
Tongue
Touch and pain receptors
12. Reproductive system
Gametogenesis
Microscopic structure of ovum and sperm
Menstrual cycle
13. Endocrine system 2 hours
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Structure and important anatomical relationships of
thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries and testis,pancreas
14. Tutorials 3x2 hours
Total lecture hours 26
Total tutorial hours 6
PHYSIOLOGY
Lecture Topics Lecture
1st Term
1. Body fluids and electrolytes 2 hours
Body fluid compartments
Water balance and imbalance
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Starling forces
Different mechanisms of loss of water, Na+&K+ in the normal healthy person
2. Blood
Composition and functions of blood
Formation of RBC, WBC, platelests, plasma proteins
Functions and catabolism
Blood groups
Haemostasis
Anticoagulants, anaemia, haemolysis, leucopenia, leukemia
3. Nerve physiology
Muscle physiology; generation of action potential, synaptic transmission, nerve
degeneration and regeneration
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Neuromuscular juntion
4. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Components of the ANS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and their functions
Neurotransmitters of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Receptors, cholinergic and adrenergic receptors
5. Cardiovascular system
The origin and the spread of cardiac impulse, ECG, normal heart rate and arrhythmia
Cardiac cycle and cardiac output
Dynamics of blood flow, total peripheral resistance
Explain hypertension, heart failure, shock and cardiac arrest
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6. Respiratory system
Mechanism of ventilation and mechanism of gas exchange
Lung volumes and capacities, hyperventilation, tachypnoea
Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma
Explain the terms hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea, pneumothorax, pneumonia
7. Renal system
List the functions of the kidney and of different parts of the nephron
Describe the formation of urine, GFR and factors affecting GFR
Explain the terms nocturia, polyuria, oliguria, anuria, disuria, haematuria, glycosuria
Explain the terms acute and chronic renal failure
Causes of acid base imbalance
8. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
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Functions of the GIT
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation
Functions of liver, composition of bile
Jaundice
Explain the terms peptic ulcer, gastritis, oesophageal reflux, dyspepsia,
malabsorption
9. Endocrine
Endocrine glands of the body and their secretion
Describe the physiological functions of thyroxine, insulin, cortisol, oxytocin, ADH,
estrogen, progesterone, androgen, aldosterone
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State the importance of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis
Explain the term goitre
2nd Term
10. Reproduction
List male and female hormones
Describe the menstrual cycle, menstruation and ovulation
Define pubertyy, adolescence, menopause
Explain hypothalamo pituitary ovarian axis
Explain the terms menstruation, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea endometriosis,
subfertility, premenstrual syndrome, abortion
Describe fertilization, fetoplacental unit
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11. Motor system
Stretch reflex
Lower motor neurone and upper motor neurone
Extrapyramidal and cerebellar function
Sensory system
Different modalities of sensation
Pain physiology - receptors, pathways, modulation of pain
Referred pain
12. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood brain barrier (BBB)
State the formation, functions and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid Function of BBB
13. Tutorial (central nervous system)
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14. Tutorial (GIT and endocrine)
15. Tutorial (cardiovascular system and respiratory system)
16. Tutorial (body fluids, nerve and muscle)
ELEMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY
Lecture
Lecture Topics
Hours
1ST Term
1 Orientation and Introduction to pharmacology 2 hours
2 Definition of a drug and common pharmacological terms 2 hours
3 Drug development 2 hours
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4 Clinical trials 2 hours
5 Concept of Essential Dru9s 1 hour
6 Sources of drug information and pharmacist’s role in providing
drug information 1 hour
7 Scheduling of drugs, drug registration, post marketing surveillance 1 hour
8 Compliance to drugs 1 hour
9 Routes of drug administration 1 hour
10 Pharmacokinetics 1 2 hours
11 Pharmacokinetics 2 2 hours
12 Pharmacodynamics 1 2 hours
13 Pharmacodynamics 2 2 hours
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14 Adverse Drug Reactions 2 hours
15 Drug Interactions 2 hours
Tutorials 8 hours
2ND Term
16 Introduction to the ANS. Definitions 2 hours
17 Parasympathomimetics. anticholineesterases, anticholnergics 2hours
18 Insecticide poisoning, use of atropine, ganglion blockers 2 hours
19 Sympathomimetics, adrenergic receptor blocking drugs 2 hours
20 Pathophysiology of hypertension,. heart failure, angina and
myocardial infarction 1 hour
21 Drugs in hypotension 2 hours
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22 Calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ACE receptor blockers and 2 hours
sympathomimetics
23 Nitrates and digoxin 2 hours
24 Anticoagulants. antiplatelet drugs and thrombolytics 2 hours
25 Lipid lowering drugs and antiarrhythmic drugs 2 hours
26 Diuretics 2 hours
27 Drugs in anaemia 1 hour
28 Vitamins and minerals 1 hour
29 ORS and IV fluids 1 hour
30 Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma 1 hour
31 Drugs n bronchial asthma 3 hours
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32 Drugs in anaphylaxis 1 hour
33 Cough and cold remedies 1 hour
34 Antihistamines 1 hour
Tutorial 8 hours
3RD Term
35 Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones 1 hour
36 Vitamin D. analogues arc bone metabolism 1 hour
37 Pathophysiology of diabetes 1 hour
38 Insulin and oral hypoglycaemics 3 hours
39 Corticosteroids 2 hours
40 Thyroxine and antithyroid drugs 2 hours
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41 Oestrogens, progestogens, androgens, oxytocics 2 hours
42 Contraceptives 2 hours
43 Local anaesthetics 1 hour
44 General anaesthetics l hour
45 Drugs in epilepsy 2 hours
46 Drugs in Parkinsons disease 2 hours
47 Paracetamol, aspirin and NSAIDs 2 hours
48 NSAIDs 1 hour
49 DMARDs 1 hour
50 Psychotropic drugs (antipsychotics, antidepressants, lithium) 2 hours
51 Anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, CNS stimulants 2 hours
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52 Drugs in migraine, nausea , vomiting and vertigo 2 hours
53 Strong analgesics 2 hours
54 Drugs for eye and ear disease 3 hours
55 Drugs for skin disease 1 2 hours
56 Drugs for skin disease 2 2 hours
Tutorials 8 hours
4TH Term
57 Systemic antidotes, chelating agentse and drugs in poisoning 1 hour
58 Drugs in peptic ulcer disease 2 hours
59 Antiemetics and antispasmodics 1 hour
60 Laxatives, antidiarrhoeals 1 hour
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61 Elementary microbiology 1 2 hours
62 Elementary microbiology 2 2 hours
63 Principles of chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis 2 hours
64 Penicillins and cephalosporins 2 hours
65 Aminoglycosides, macrolides 2 hours
66 Quinalones, urinary antiseptics, sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole 2 hours
67 Antimycobacterial drugs 2 hours
68 Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and metronidazole 2 hours
69 Antifungals 2 hours
70 Antivirals 1 hour
71 Antifilarial drugs and anthelmintics 1 hour
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72 Antimalarial drugs and other antiprotozoal drugs 1 hour
73 Vaccines and sera 3 hours
74 Prescribing in liver disease, renal disease and drugs in pregnancy 2 hours
75 Cytotoxic drugs 2 hours
76 Drug use in chronic disease 1 hour
77 Prescriptions 1 hour
78 Dealing with the pharmaceutical industry 1 hour
79 Dealing with medical practitioners and other members of health
care delivery team 1 hour
80 Dealing with the public 1 hour
81 Miscellaneous topics 2 hours
Tutorials 8 hours
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Total lecture hours 135
Total tutorial hours 32
PH AR M AC OG N O SY
Lecture
Lecture Topics
Hours
1ST Term
1. Introduction 5 hours
Introduction to pharmacognosy
Definitions of basic concepts, history and scope of
pharmacognosy.
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Classification of plant drugs: alphabetical, morphological, chemical,
pharmacological, taxonomical and chemotaxonomical methods.
Value of natural drug products.
Natural products as pharmaceuticals, biodiversity vs chemical diversity.
2 Alkaloids 10 hours
Definitions, classification, general properties. extraction and detection
of alkaloids.
Alkaloids as medicinal agents
Properties. sources, historical background, structure, uses and official
preparations of alkaloids belonging to following classes.
Tropane alkaloids — atropine, hyoscyamine. scopolamine. cocaine
Quinoline alkaloids — quinine. quinidine and other cinchona alkaloids
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Phenanthrene alkaloids — morphine, codeine, thebaine. heroin, isoquinoline
alkaloids — papaverine, emetine. tubocurarine
Indole alkaloids — vincristine. vinblastine, rauwolfia alkaloids ergot alkaloids,
physostigmine
Phenylethylamine alkaloids — ephedrine. pseudoephedrine
Xanthine bases - caffeine , theophylline, theobromine
Imidazole alkaloids - pilocarpine
3 Carbohydrates I 7 hours
Classification, nature. and properties of carbohydrates.
Sources, distribution. composition, preparation, uses and official
preparations of the following
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starches
cellulose
agar
pectin
4 Tutorial 2 hours
2ND Term
5 Glycosides 4 hours
Definitions, classification, general properties and extraction of
Glycosides
Glycosides as medicinal agents
Cardiac glycosides
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Digitalis — distribution, composition, uses and official preparations,
Structure associated relations of cardiac glycosides.
Anthraquinone glycosides
Sennoside A, Sennoside B, cascarosides, frangelines, aloin;
Sources, uses and official preparations.
6 Terpenoids 10 hours
Definitions, classification, general properties and distribution of
terpenoids
Chemistry and biological properties of important monoterpenoid
constituents of essential oils.
Volatile oils.
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Nature, properties, sources, constituents, action/use and official
preparations of oils such as cinnamon, cardamon, camphor, anise,
anethi, peppermint. terpentine, clove and eucalyptus.
Extraction of essential oils.
Principle of steam distillation. other methods of extraction, essential oil
Industry.
Sesquiterpenoids. diterpenoids and triterpenoids as medicinal agents
7 Carbohydrates II 5 hours
Gums
Nature, sources. chemical composition, preparation, uses and official preparations
of acacia, tragacanth, sterculia
8 Tutorial 2 hours
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3RD Term
9 Plant phenolics 4 hours
Sources, chemical structure, important reactions and uses of flavanoids, phenols,
phenolic acids and tannins; official preparations of tannins
10 Resins 4 hours
Nature, properties, and classification of resins
Sources. properties, preparation and uses of resins, balsams, podophyllum,
colophony, benzoin, tolu balsam, peru-balsam and storax
11 Extracts 1 hours
Sources, preparations, constituents and uses of gelatin
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12 Tutorials 3 hours
4TH Term
13 Fixed oils 4 hours
Nature, sources, composition, medicinal and pharmaceutical properties
of fixed oils, fats and waxes.
Sources. composition, uses and official preparation of olive oil, caster oil.
teel oil cotton seed oil, cod liver oil, halibut liver oil, wool fat, bees wax.
14 Screening Techniques 2 hours
Bio assays and pharmacological techniques and approaches used in natural
product screening and evaluation
15 Natural product and drug development 3 hours
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Role of medicinal plants in discovery and development of western medicines
Problems and prospects of discovery of new drugs from higher plants
16 Tutorials 3 hours
Total lecture hours 59
Total tutorial hours 10
PHARMACEUTICS I
Lecture
Lecture Topics
Hours
1ST Term
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1. Information Sources 2 hours
Definition and uses of information sources
Identifying different types of information sources (printed, electronic etc.)
Know the differences and application of official, professional and commercial
information sources
Practical knowledge of finding necessary information
2 Prescription 1 hour
Historical details of a prescription
Essential parts of a prescription
Legal aspects of a prescription.
Forged prescriptions
Identifying authenticity of prescription and interpretation of same
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3 Latin Abbreviations 1 hour
Latin abbreviations n common se
English abbreviations in common use
4 Principles of dispensing 1 hour
Main types of dispensing
Problems faced during dispensing
Labeling of dispensed products
5 Posology and Calculations 10 hours
Potency calculations involving active ingredient chemistry
Reducing and enlarging formulae, percentage strengths and ratio strengths
Alligation
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Standard dosage :her adoption to paediatric, geriatric dosages and in pregnancy
Working from master formula
Preparing dilutions
Triturations
6 Weights. measures and units 2 hours
Knowledge and application of
units of mass
units of capacity
units of concentration
units of length
units of radiation
Metric and Imperial systems and conversions
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7 Fundamental operations in compounding 10 hours
Weighing
Balances
Minimum weighable amounts
Approximations
Weighing technique for the dispensing balance
Variations in weighing technique for the electronic balance
Taring the weighing vessels
Weighing by difference
Measuring of liquids
Minimum measurable amounts
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Use of tared containers
Measurement by differences
Measurement of drop dosage
Alcoholometry
Measuring and dilution of alcohols
Dissolution
Dissolution techniques
Special techniques for volatile substances
Filtration
Straining
Fine filtrations
Mixing
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