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1The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTS ON TURBINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
K. MathioudakisA. Stamatis
Laboratory of Thermal TurbomachinesNational Technical University of Athens
2The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance Characteristics
§Physical reasons for Map Alteration
§Dilatation effect estimation
§Altration of the flow-field
§Application Example
§Summary-Conclusions
§Acknolwdgements
3The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
The physics for turbine map constitution The physics for turbine map constitution
• dfs
( )
21
1
t
2
tD
t
t
pp
pp
R12AC
pTm
−
−
=
+γ
γγ
γγ
A turbine blade passage and its equivalent nozzle
4The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Area change effect on turbine mapArea change effect on turbine map
D
DCC
AA
qq δδδ
+=
5The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance Characteristics
§Physical reasons for Map Alteration
§Dilatation effect estimation
§Altration of the flow-field
§Application Example
§Summary-Conclusions
§Acknolwdgements
6The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Modeling Blade Passage Geometry Change due to DilatationModeling Blade Passage Geometry Change due to Dilatation
Map Change
⇕
Area change
Throat area and its variation due to dilatation
7The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Calculation of metal temperaturesCalculation of metal temperatures (II)(II)
Tc coolant
Tg gas
TBC
Tm
Tw
Blade wall and gas temperature configuration
8The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Calculation of metal temperatures: Simplified 1Calculation of metal temperatures: Simplified 1--D modelD model (II)(II)
Convection
Conduction
Convection
dR
9The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Area Change as a function of flow parameters (1)Area Change as a function of flow parameters (1)
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
00.5 0.6 0.7
convective cooling efficiency (ηc)
% A
rea
chan
ge
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
00 0.2 0.4 0.6
film cooling effectiveness (εf)
% A
rea
chan
ge
10The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
00 0.001 0.002
TBC thickness (tTBC)
% A
rea
chan
ge
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
01 1.5 2
Cooling Area (Ac)
% A
rea
chan
ge
Area Change as a function of flow parameters (2)Area Change as a function of flow parameters (2)
11The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
01000 2000 3000 4000
Gas Metal Heat tranfer coef. (hg)
% A
rea
chan
ge
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
05000 6000 7000
Coolant-metal Heat Tran. coef. (hc)
% A
rea
chan
ge
Area Change as a function of flow parameters (3)Area Change as a function of flow parameters (3)
12The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
00.1 0.2 0.3
Mach Number (Me)
% A
rea
chan
ge
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0800 850 900
Coolant temperature. (Toc)
% A
rea
chan
ge
Area Change as a function of flow parameters (4)Area Change as a function of flow parameters (4)
13The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.51200 1300 1400 1500
Map Datum Temp. (Tmd)
% A
rea
chan
ge
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
% A
rea
chan
ge
No cooling no filmno convective Cooling
Area Change as a function of flow parameters (5)Area Change as a function of flow parameters (5)
14The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance Characteristics
§Physical reasons for Map Alteration
§Dilatation effect estimation
§Altration of the flow-field
§Application Example
§Summary-Conclusions
§Acknolwdgements
15The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Alteration of the flowAlteration of the flow--fieldfield• Flow filed altered due to heat addition to the flow:
• Local density variation → Inviscid flow field altered
• Alteration of boundary layer growth
• Key parameter identified
( )KinT1TT
S0
ww −=
Tw is the wall temperature and T0 is the temperature of the gas.
16The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Alteration of the flowAlteration of the flow--field: encapsulated in discharge coefficientfield: encapsulated in discharge coefficient
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1Sw=(Tw/T0-1)
Cd
0.990.980.960.940.92
Cd,adiab
D41
DRe08,71)C(
DadD
ll ′⋅+−=
( )
w0
w0
ad,D
D
TT22nTTn1
C1C1
−
−=
−− l
l
17The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0Sw=(Tw/T0-1)
δCD/C
D (%
)0.990.980.96
Cd,adiab
Discharge coefficient VariationDischarge coefficient Variation
18The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Proposed procedure for incorporating the heat transfer effect Proposed procedure for incorporating the heat transfer effect on boundary layers (I)on boundary layers (I)
Perform calculations of Viscous flow with heat transfer in turbine passage (Navier Stokes Eqns)
to establish a correlation
( discharge coefficient) ↔ Sw
19The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Sample result of Calculation in Turbine CascadeSample result of Calculation in Turbine Cascade
0 0.05
0.1 0.15
0.2 0.25
0.3 0.35
0.4
-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 Sw
Δm
%
Variation of mass flow rate through a cascade, for given inlet total to outlet static pressure ratio and different wall temperatures.
20The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Discharge Coefficient VariationDischarge Coefficient Variation
Comparison of trends established by calculations and viscous flow solutions, to predictions according to the method of [11]
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0Sw=(Tw/T0-1)
δCD/C
D (%
).96
CD,ad=.99
.98
calculated
21The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Example ApplicationExample Application
Map Change ↔Area change effect on turbine map
Results from Transient performance Calculation, Results from Transient performance Calculation, incorporating Heat Transfer effectsincorporating Heat Transfer effects
22The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Effect Of Thermal Dilatation On PerformanceEffect Of Thermal Dilatation On Performance
Map Change ↔Area change effect on turbine map
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
FUEL
FLO
W (k
g/s)
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5
HPC
SU
RG
E M
AR
GIN
WITHOUT HPT MAP CORRECTION
WITH HPT MAP CORRECTION-only BL effect
WITH HPT MAP CORRECTION-both effects
23The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Effect Of Thermal Dilatation On PerformanceEffect Of Thermal Dilatation On Performance
Map Change ↔Area change effect on turbine map
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 1 2 3
FUEL
FLO
W (k
g/s)
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3
TIME (s)
HPC
SU
RG
E M
AR
GIN
WITHOUT HPT MAP CORRECTION
WITH HPT MAP CORRECTION-only BL effect
WITH HPT MAP CORRECTION-both effects
24The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance Characteristics
§Physical reasons for Map Alteration
§Dilatation effect estimation
§Altration of the flow-field
§Application Example
§Summary-Conclusions
§Acknolwdgements
25The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Summary Summary -- ConclusionsConclusions
§ Heat Transfer Alters Turbine (mass flow) – (pressure ratio) characteristics, due to geometry changes and flow field alteration
§Geometry Changes can be estimated by assessing material temperatures (A possibility using simplified models has been proposed here)
§Flow field alteration can be expressed through change in the discharge coefficient which can be correlated to an appropriate paramter (S)
§Detailed calculation can be used to establish correlations whichare easily implantable in 1-d engine performance models
26The Influence Of Heat Transfer Effects On Turbine Performance CharacteristicsProceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO ’06, May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
§ The authors would like to express their thanks to SNECMA for
financing the work that led to this paper and for allowing its
publication. Thanks are expresses to X. Ruiz, for many useful comments
and discussions.