Post on 19-Aug-2020
The Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
DEFINITION:
The change that transforms a people with peasant occupations
and local markets into an industrial society with world-wide
connections.
The Industrial Revolution transformed
Britain from a predominantly rural and agricultural country into
a mainly urban and industrial nation.
It was the first of such revolutions in the modern world.
The Industrial Revolution
Great increase in population towards 1750
Greater demand for pots, beer and clothes
Need for more efficient production. England changed from a farming to an
industrial country
CAUSES
Causes of the Industrial Revolution:
• Decay of cottage or domestic industry
• Agricultural revolution
• Expansion of overseas trade
• Development of scientific thought and knowledge
• Britain’s geological and geographical features
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Industrial society
Incessant toil disease heavy drinking to bear fatigue and alienation
below twenty years due to
Life expectancy of the poor
Causes of the Industrial Revolution Increase in population after 1750
Causes of the Industrial Revolution Decay of cottage or domestic industry
The Agricultural Revolution: • It created the conditions that permitted the Industrial Revolution
• It was carried out by landowners
• The ancient common field system was changed into the enclosure system
Before the enclosures After the enclosures
The widespread enclosure of ‘open fields’ and common land aimed at making larger, more efficient farms.
The Agricultural Revolution
• improvements in the selective breeding of cattle to produce more meat
• improvements in farming techniques such as crop rotation and mechanisation
The English Leicester, a breed of sheep Coke introduced into Norfolk and cross-bred with the
native Norfolk Horn"
The Agricultural Revolution:
• Favoured experiments with new crops and new methods
• Favoured experiments in breeding
The Agricultural Revolution:
• Favoured the invention of new, more efficient machines to better work the land
• Jethro Tull’s “Seed Drill”
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
The British Empire
The Empire where the Sun never sets
Great Britain became the centre of
Industrial Capitalism
• The City of London as the leading financial nucleus
• The Bank of England and other banks
• Insurance Companies ----> Lloyd’s
• Shipping Companies
• Exchanges
Causes of the Industrial Revolution:
• Development of scientific thought and knowledge
• It brought about new inventions
The ‘Revolution’ implied
New technologies and inventions
The development of the factory
system
New sources of power and
transport
The Industrial Revolution
The most important inventions were: • James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny
a worker could work eight spools at once.
• Richard Arkwright’s water frame used water power.
" ""
The Industrial Revolution
A spinning jenny"
The Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves 1763
The Water Frame
Richard Arkwright 1769
James Watt’s steam engine factories built on coal and iron fields of Lancashire, Yorkshire, South Scotland and South Wales """
The Industrial Revolution
cloth manufactured more cheaply
The Steam Engine
James Watts 1769
Cotton Industry
The Flying Shuttle
J. Kay 1733
The Spinning Mule
Samuel Crompton 1770
The power driven Spinning Machine
Edmund Cartwright 1787
Creation of Big Factories
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
• Britain’s geologic and geographic features
• Abundance of Iron
• Presence of Charcoal and Coal
• Wide Amount of Rivers
Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• The Transport Revolution
• Urbanization
• Radical Change in People’s Living Conditions
The Transport Revolution
• Creation,Improvement and Expansion of the Railway System
• Improvement and Expansion of Ports
• Treatment of Rivers , Building of Artificial Waterways
• Bridge Building
• Creation Improvement and Expansion of the Railway System
The Stockton - Darlington
Railway Line - 1825
1870 - 15,000 Miles of Railway
Improvement and Expansion of Ports
Treatment of Rivers , Building of Artificial Waterways
Bridge Building
Road Acts
Urbanization
More than 50% of people=City Dwellers • London = 2,000,000 inhabitants
• Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool = over 100,000 inhabitants
The Midlands:
The Black Country
Radical Change in People’s
Living Conditions
Working conditions • women and children
increasingly paid less and easier to control;
• long working hours; • rational division of labour; • mechanisation. ""
Industrial society
Industrialization and the Masses:
• Low Wages
• Long working hours
• Terrible housing conditions
• Disintegration of family relationships
• Cold, impersonal relations with employers
• Life detached from the rhythms of Nature and the seasons
Low Wages
Long Working Hours
Terrible Housing Conditions
‘Mushroom towns’ è small towns built near the factories to house the workers Terrible living conditions • lacked elementary public
services; • air and water pollution; • houses built in endless rows; • overcrowding.
Industrial society
Disintegration of Family Relationships
Impersonal Relationship with Employers
Life detached from the Rhythm of Nature and the Seasons
1880-1900: The Escape from Towns