The Civil War, 1861-1865

Mobilization, Strategies, and

Diplomacy

Comparing the Sides

Mobilization in the North and South

North75,000

Volunteers

Mobilized navy for blockade

Inexperienced army

South100,000 man

army with one year terms (1961)

Created a navy and employed

privateers

Had to build munitions factories

Printed large amounts of

paper money

The Anaconda Plan

Gen. Winfield ScottDivide Confederacy and squeeze to death

Struggle for the Border States and Wartime Diplomacy

Union goal: To hold the borders states and prevent international recognition of Confederacy

Southern Goal: Use cotton power to encourage foreign recognition and bring in border states.

The War: 1861-1863

Bull Run: The First Clash, July 1861

Confederate Victory!

Early Union Victories in the West

U.S. Grant’s Army seizes Ft. Henry and

Donnellson

Grant secures victory at Shiloh, April 1862

David G. Farragut’s fleet captures New Orleans

The Peninsular Campaign

Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan

The Faces of War: Soldiers and the Fallen

Photos

7th New York State Militia, Camp Cameron, D.C., 1861 10thMississippiFlagBearerSilasCBuck'sUnsurrenderedFlag

22d New York State Militia near Harpers Ferry, Va., 1861 22nd New York State Militia near Harpers Ferry, Va., 1861

1860-1865 Gen. A. Ames and staff1860-1865 Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside

1860-1865 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler 1860-1865 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler2

1860-1865 Gen. John Pope1860-1865 Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, C.S.A

1860-1865 Gen. Joseph Hooker 1860-1865 Gen. Meade

1860-1865 Gen. William T. Sherman 1860-1865 Gen. Winfield S. Hancock

1860-1865 Gen. Winfield S. Hancock and Generals Francis C. B 1860-1865 Gen. Winfield Scott

1861 October, U.S. Grant and staff 1861, 7th New York State Militia, Camp Cameron, D.C.

1861, 7th New York State Militia, Camp Cameron, D.C. #2 1861, Ninth Massachusetts Infantry camp near Washington, D.C

1862, Camp of 31st Pennsylvania Infantry near Washington, D. 1862, Headquarters Fifth Army Corps, Harrison's Landing, Ja

1863 April, Officers of 61st New York Infantry, Falmouth, Va 1863 August, Officers and non-commissioned officers of Co.

GeneralJohnstonJosephE GeneralJosephHooker62

GeneralLongstreet63 GeneralNathanBedfordForest

GHT signature Grand Review, 1865. Washington, showing reviewing stand with

Granger arrives at Snodgrass Hill with reserves Grant

1861-1865, Unburied dead on battlefield 1862-1863, Battle-field of Gaines Mill, Va.

1862-1865 Alexandria, Va. Soldiers' Cemetery 1863 July, Gettysburg, Pa. Bodies of Confederate soldiers,

1863 July, Gettysburg, Pa. Four dead soldiers in the woods 1863 July, Pennsylvania, Gettysburg Battlefield, Field where

1863 July, Pennsylvania, Gettysburg. A Harvest of Death 1863 July, Pennsylvania, Gettysburg. A Sharpshooter's Last S

1863 July, Gettysburg, Pa. Bodies of Federal soldiers, kill 1863 July, Gettysburg, Pa. Dead Confederate soldiers in 'th

1863 July, Gettysburg, Pa. Dead Confederate soldiers in the

1863 July, Gettysburg, Pa. Dead soldiers in the wheatfield

1865 April 12, Confederate boy, age 14, lies dead outside b A dead Rebel Soldier

A dead Rebel soldier, inside the Union picket lines. This v Incidents of the war. A harvest of death, Gettysburg, July,

1864 May 19, Scene of Ewell's attack, May 19, 1864, near Sp 1864 May, Fredericksburg, Va. Burial of soldiers

1864 May, Spotsylvania Court House, Va., vicinity. Body of 1864, Nashville, Tenn. Tomb of President James K. Polk

19thIowaPOWsCampFord,TylerTX1863 July, Gettysburg, Pa. Three Confederate prisoners

1863 June, Virginia, Fairfax, Confederate prisoners at court 1864, Chattanooga, Tenn. Confederate prisoners at railroad d

1865, Libby Prison, north side, Richmond, Va. AndersonvilleBurial64

AndersvilleCemetery-ReburialSupervisedByClaraBartonConfederate prisoners at Belle Plain Landing, Va., captured

FederalInmateofBelleIslandCamp1

FederalInmateofBelleIslandCamp2

'HotelDeZouave'11thNYFireZouavesCastlePinckneyCharlestonHarbor

Robert E. Lee Invades the North, 1862

Invasion turned back at Antietam, September 17, 1862,

the bloodiest day of the war

The Irish Brigade at Fredericksburg

The Turning Point, 1863

Gettysburg, July 1-3 1863

Vicksburg: Surrender, July 4 1863

Pickett’s Charge, July 3, 1863

Union Victory: The War, 1863-1865

Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864-1865

Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864–1865

Sherman dealt a decisive blow to the Confederate cause by waging a

scorched-earth campaign across Georgia, destroying vital supplies and

weakening Southern morale.

The Final Battles in Virginia, 1864-1865

The Final Battles in Virginia Campaign, 1864–1865

Grant’s strategy for defeating Lee was to combine superior strength and a relentless offensive. It resulted in

extremely high casualties, but eventually cornered Lee at

Petersburg. Lee surrendered at nearby Appomattox Courthouse on

April 9, 1865.

Behind the Front Lines: The War at Home

Waging Modern War

First income tax

War bonds

Borrowing from banks

Printing Greenbacks

North Confederate Income Tax, 1862

Printing money

Military Draft, 1862

What were the South’s obstacles?

South

The Hardships of Modern War

North

• Lack of cotton caused problems in textile industry

• Inflation offset wage increases

South

• Union Blockade• Economy hurt

by labor shortage

• Destruction left by armies

Civil Unrest caused by War

The Sedition of the Copperheads

Conscription Act of 1863: Drafted citizens into the Union Army

In the South, shortage of food and the “Twenty Negro Law” caused similar discontent.

Emancipation

Theodore Kaufmann’s On to Liberty (1867)

Widespread self emancipation by slaves in the early years of the war eventually prompted the Lincoln administration to make emancipation official policy.

Emancipation Proclamation: Issued after Union victory at

Antietam in 1862

Freed the slaves in the seceded states on Jan. 1,

1863

Changed the goals of the war